1,720,975 research outputs found
Conditional cash transfers to mothers, intrahousehold allocations: the role of unobservability
No full textInequality and Farmers' Suicides in India (NIAS Working Paper WP5-2016)
Full text linkThe phenomenon of suicide by farmers has in recent years tended to dominate the discourse on rural India. Between 1995 and 2014, more than 300,000 farmers have committed suicide in the country (Basu, Das, & Misra, 2016). There have been several studies pointing to the significance of the phenomenon as well as the magnitude of the distress that goes with it. Underlying several of these studies is a role for inequality in this phenomenon. The emphasis on farmers’ suicides suggests that there is an inequality in the vulnerability of different groups to suicide, with farmers having a greater vulnerability than others. Again, the presentation of farmers’ suicides as a national crisis suggests that while there may be regional inequality in the vulnerability to suicide, all states face the same crisis. And if we were to go beyond the existing literature, there is the question of whether inequality can be a cause of farmers’ suicides. This paper seeks to explore each of these roles for inequality in the patterns of farmers’ suicides. While such an exploration may help us better understand the nature of farmers’suicides, this paper does not claim to provide a comprehensive explanation for the phenomenon. It begins with an exploration of the relative vulnerability of different groups to suicide; it then explores the nature of regional inequality in farmers’ suicides; before ending with a preliminary exploration of the relationship between inequality, poverty and farmers’ suicide
Essays on Women's Empowerment in Developing Countries
Full text linkIn our study, we attempt to discuss women’s empowerment in three different essays. In the first essay, we discuss how access to agriculture market by female farmers in Cameroon could improve their own control over the proceeds of their agricultural output. Scope of this research falls in the general category of household and community level factors affecting women’s empowerment. In the second and third essay discuss aspects of participatory development in India in areas ranging from community development to hierarchical institutes and politics. We concentrate on two aspects of participatory development: One is under-representation of women in leadership; and second is gender differences in leadership style with respect to their risk and ambiguity attitude. For the purpose of the thesis we restrict ourselves only to developing countries where gender differences are more pronounced. In the following paragraph we briefly describe each of the essays.
In the first essay, using micro level data from Cameroon we apply the theories of intrahousehold bargaining to models in which female farmers decide whether to take up cocoa marketing on their own or to rely on others to sell the product. We analyze the effect of marketing on control over the proceeds. We find that controlling both production and marketing provides higher bargaining power over proceeds compared to a situation in which the farmer participates only in production and delegate the task of marketing to another family member. Our data also indicate that in the cocoa sector of Cameroon, female farmers’ market participation is hindered by existing price discrimination, which in turn reduces their intrahousehold bargaining power. In other words, participating female farmers receive much lower prices for their produce than participating males. To generate higher revenue, female farmers hand over the marketing responsibility to a male in the family. Such non-participation results in lower control over the proceeds by the female farmer, as the individual doing the marketing can now claim a higher share in the revenue. Additionally we find that collective marketing contributes to eliminating price discrimination and promoting female market participation and thus their control over proceeds.
The second essay investigates the process of gender self-segregation into leadership roles that imply control over others. We consider how conformity to social norms and aversion to feedback affect self-selection. Using a public good game with third party punishment we explore gender differences in willingness to assume the role of third party across matrilineal and patriarchal societies. Our findings indicate that segregation into leadership roles is due to conformity to pre-assigned gender roles across cultures. We find that women in the matrilineal society are more willing to assume power roles than in the patriarchal society. Moreover, we find that anonymity over the role of third party results in increase participation of the segregated gender. Affirmative action seems to be an effective tool to promoting female leaders in societies where women hold a lower status; yet in societies where women are powerful the effect can be counterproductive.
In the third essay, we analyze gender difference in risk and ambiguity attitude of subjects across two different ethnicities that differ in the degree of female empowerment. Santal is a patriarchal tribe and Khasi is a matrilineal tribe with men and women being the social head in their respective societies. We compare subject’s willingness to take up risk and ambiguity for themselves and on behalf of others. Besides we analyze the differences in risk and ambiguity attitude of subjects from these societies. Our findings show that women in both societies are significantly more risk averse, but not ambiguity averse. Patriarchal male and female are more risk averse in group risk than in individual risk but matrilineal subjects are not. Therefore, higher risk aversion in group is an ethnic trait among Santals. Comparing the between ethnicity differences we find that matrilineal subjects are more risk averse than patriarchal subjects. Regarding attitudes towards ambiguity, we did not find any gender or ethnicity differences
Understanding Maoism in India with Socio-Economic Discriminations and Rebel Capabilities
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Ethnicity and Gender Differences in Risk, Ambiguity Attitude
Full text linkWe analyze gender difference in risk and ambiguity attitude of subjects across two
different ethnicities that differ in the degree of female empowerment. Santal is a
patriarchal tribe and Khasi is a matrilineal tribe with men and women being the social
head in their respective societies. We compare subject’s willingness to take up risk and ambiguity for themselves and on behalf of others. Besides we analyze the differences in
risk and ambiguity attitude of subjects from these societies. Our findings show that
women in both societies are significantly more risk averse, but not ambiguity averse.
Patriarchal male and female are more risk averse in group risk than in individual risk but matrilineal subjects are not. Therefore, higher risk aversion in group is an ethnic trait among Santals. Comparing the between ethnicity differences we find that matrilineal subjects are more risk averse than patriarchal subjects. Regarding attitudes towards ambiguity, we did not find any gender or ethnicity differences
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Ethnicity and gender differences in risk, ambiguity attitude
Full text linkWe analyze gender difference in risk and ambiguity attitude of subjects across two different ethnicities that differ in the degree of female empowerment. Santal is a patriarchal tribe and Khasi is a matrilineal tribe with men and women being the social head in their respective societies. We compare subject's willingness to take up risk and ambiguity for themselves and on behalf of others. Besides we analyze the differences in risk and ambiguity attitude of subjects from these societies. Our findings show that women in both societies are significantly more risk averse, but not ambiguity averse. Patriarchal male and female are more risk averse in group risk than in individual risk but matrilineal subjects are not. Therefore, higher risk aversion in group is an ethnic trait among Santals. Comparing the between ethnicity differences we find that matrilineal subjects are more risk averse than patriarchal subjects. Regarding attitudes towards ambiguity, we did not find any gender or ethnicity differences
Poverty and deprivation in India: Divergence between consumption and asset based estimates (NIAS/SSc/IHD/U/WP/10/2021)
Full text linkConsumption expenditure has been widely used in India to estimate poverty. It has
recently been argued that these estimates have several weaknesses and an asset based
index is a better indicator of deprivation. Building on the asset based indicator developed
earlier, this paper estimates deprivation in India. It looks at two specific aspects of
deprivation: (i) region and time-wise variations in deprivation in terms of absolute and
relative deprivation, (ii)difference between deprivation and consumption-based poverty.
The results suggest that there is a difference in the regional ranking of poverty depending
on whether to consider the immediate consumption expenditure or the longer term
picture of vulnerability provided by the asset based indicator of deprivation
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