1,721,151 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Contribution of isotopic geochemistry of non-traditional isotopes to biology. Clinical and fundamental aspects
No full textDepuis une vingtaine d’années, grâce à la grande précision qu’offre les spectromètres de masse à plasma induit et à multi collection, les mesures d’isotopes stables et particulièrement celles du Cu, sont étudiées dans les domaines de la biologie fondamentale et de la clinique. L’homéostasie des métaux pouvant être perturbée en conditions pathologiques, des modifications de compositions isotopiques dans ces conditions particulières ont été mises en évidence, permettant même d’envisager les mesures isotopiques comme outil de diagnostic ou pronostic pour certaines pathologies. Parmi les pathologies liées à un dysfonctionnement du métabolisme des métaux, la maladie de Wilson entraîne une surcharge en cuivre principalement dans le foie. Dans cette thèse est détaillée une étude montrant que le rapport isotopique du cuivre peut être un bon outil de pronostic de la maladie de Wilson. Les traitements administrés aux malades de Wilson visent à réduire la charge corporelle en cuivre mais présentent des effets indésirables. La recherche se penche donc sur des chélateurs plus spécifiques et entraînant moins d’effets secondaires. Une partie de cette thèse est consacrée à montrer comment les rapports isotopiques du cuivre ont permis de mettre en évidence l’efficacité d’un chélateur innovant ainsi que son mécanisme d’action. Les études portant sur les compositions isotopiques réalisées jusqu’à maintenant dans le domaine de la biologie clinique reposent sur l’analyse d’échantillons tels que du sérum sanguin, des érythrocytes, du sang total et également des organes. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, une approche innovante consistant à étudier les compositions isotopiques des compartiments cellulaires est présentée. En envisageant cette approche dans différents organes, que ce soit en conditions normales ou pathologiques, les résultats ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives qui permettront de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu dans le métabolisme des métaux.For the past twenty years, thanks to the high precision offered by multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers, measurements of stable isotopes, and particularly those of Cu, have been studied in the fields of fundamental biology and the clinic. As the homeostasis of metals can be disrupted under pathological conditions, changes in isotopic compositions under these specific conditions have been demonstrated, allowing considering isotopic measurements as a diagnostic or prognostic tool for some diseases.Among the diseases linked to dysfunction of metal metabolism, Wilson's disease causes copper overload mainly in the liver. In this thesis, a study showing that the isotope ratio of copper can be a good tool for the prognosis of Wilson's disease is detailed. Treatments given to Wilson's patients aim to reduce the body's copper burden but have side effects. Research is therefore looking at chelators that are more specific and that cause fewer side effects. A part of this thesis is devoted to show how the isotopic ratios of copper have made it possible to demonstrate the effectiveness and the mechanism of action of an innovative chelator.Studies of isotopic compositions carried out so far in the field of clinical biology have been based on the analysis of samples such as blood serum, erythrocytes, whole blood and also organs. In the last part of this thesis, an innovative approach consisting in studying the isotopic compositions of cellular compartments is presented. By considering this approach in different organs, whether under normal or pathological conditions, the results open up many perspectives which will allow a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the metabolism of metals
Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases : New Constraints from the Metallomic
No full textCaractérisé par le déclin progressif et irréversible des fonctions biologiques vitales, le vieillissement est un processus biologique complexe qui s’accompagne souvent par l’apparition de maladies neurodégénératives. D’ici 2050, plus de 1.5 milliards de personnes dans le monde seront définies comme vieillissantes. L'amélioration de la qualité de vie des personnes âgées constitue donc un enjeu majeur pour notre société. Encore mal connue, la dégradation progressive du métallome est associée au vieillissement et à l’apparition de maladies neurodégénératives et en est probablement l’une des causes. L’objectif de cette étude est de mieux caractériser l'évolution du métallome chez deux modèles animaux au cours du temps i.e. la souris et le vers ainsi que chez l’humain atteint de sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA). Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé une vingtaine d'éléments traces et majeurs ainsi que les compositions isotopiques du cuivre (δ65Cu) et du zinc (δ66Zn) d’organes de souris, de différentes souches de nématodes, et de liquides céphalo-rachidiens (LCRs) humains. L’analyse des organes de souris montre que d’importants dérèglements chimiques et isotopiques se développent dans l’organisme avec l’âge, chaque organe ayant sa propre signature élémentaire et isotopique. On observe par exemple une hausse de la concentration en Cu dans le cerveau associée à une diminution de δ65Cu dans le foie au cours du vieillissement. Grâce à l’analyse métabolomique et à l’utilisation de mélanges isotopiques, nous montrons que ces variations pourraient s’expliquer par des dysfonctionnements physiologiques et métaboliques majeurs comme des dérèglements de flux hépatique et/ou la dégradation de la barrière hémato-encéphalique avec l’âge. Cela suggère que l’analyse temporelle du métallome pourrait être un marqueur de l’âge biologique. L’analyse de nématodes a révélée qu’un animal génétiquement modifié pour vivre plus longtemps se distinguait des autres nématodes à plus courte durée de vie par une baisse de sa concentration et de sa composition isotopique en Cu dès son plus jeune âge. Le suivi temporel de ces biomarqueurs devrait permettre de détecter un vieillissement précoce. Finalement, l’analyse de LCRs de patients atteints de SLA, une maladie neurodégénérative sévère pour laquelle il n’existe aucun biomarqueur ni traitement, montre qu’une personne atteinte de SLA se distingue de sujets sains et de patients touchés par la maladie d’Alzheimer par des compositions isotopiques en Cu plus positives. Cette spécificité, laissant entrevoir de nouvelles perspectives concernant l’identification de biomarqueurs spécifiques de la SLA, pourrait s'expliquer par la formation d’agrégats protéiques toxiques dans le cerveau.Characterized by the progressive and irreversible decline of vital biological functions, ageing is a complex biological process that often comes with neurodegenerative disorders. In 2050, more than 1.5 billion elderly are expected in the world. Improve the quality of life of these ageing people is therefore a major challenge for our society. Still poorly known, the progressive degradation of the metallome is asscociated with ageing and neurodegenerative diseases development and is probably one of their causes. The objective of this study is to better characterize the metallome evolution in two animal models over time i.e. the mouse and the worm as well as in human affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To do this, we analyzed twenty trace and major elements as well as the isotopic compositions of copper (δ65Cu) and zinc (δ66Zn) of mouse organs, different strains of nematodes, and human cerebrospinal fluid (CSFs).The analysis of mouse organs shows that important chemical and isotopic changes develop in the body over time, each organ having its own elemental and isotopic signature. For example, we observe an increase of the Cu concentration in the brain associated with a decrease of the δ65Cu in the liver over time. Based on the analysis of metabolomic parameters and the use of isotopic mixings, we show that these variations may be explained by major physiological and metabolic dysfunctions, such as the deregulation of hepatic fluxes and/or the degradation of the blood-brain barrier with age. This suggests that the temporal analysis of the metallome could be used as a potential marker of the biological age.The analysis of nematodes revealed that long-lived animals differ from short-lived nematodes by an early-age decrease in their Cu isotopic composition and Cu concentration. The temporal monitoring of these biomarkers could therefore be used to detect premature ageing conditions.Finally, the analysis of CSFs of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a severe neurodegenerative disease for which there is currently no reliable biomarker or treatment, shows that ALS patients have a higher δ65Cu compared to healthy subjects and Alzheimer’s disease patients. This feature, offering new perspectives to identify ALS-specific biomarkers, may be explained by the formation of toxic protein aggregates in the brain
Calcium isotope physiology in mammals
No full textL’environnement et la physiologie déterminent les compositions isotopiques du Ca de l’organisme des vertébrés et des mammifères en particulier. Ces constats ont permis de dégager des applications possibles de l’étude des isotopes du Ca, en biologie médicale pour le suivi de l’équilibre osseux chez les mammifères et en (paléo-)écologie pour l’étude des régimes alimentaires actuels et passés des vertébrés. Ces applications sont tributaires d’une meilleure compréhension fondamentale des causes de ces variations. Cette thèse a pour but de déterminer les principales causes de variabilité des compositions isotopiques du Ca chez les mammifères et l’humain. Un protocole d’analyse en solution par MC-ICP-MS est d’abord présenté puis deux méthodes d’échantillonnage sont comparées afin de réaliser des mesures de résolution spatiale accrue dans les tissus minéralisés. L’influence des sources alimentaires de Ca est ensuite discutée. La composition isotopique de l’alimentation humaine est variable du fait des compositions diverses des sources primaires de Ca et dépend particulièrement des proportions de produits laitiers dans l’alimentation. Il est démontré que les transitions nutritionnelles précoces, comme le sevrage du lait maternel, peuvent être tracées par les compositions de l’émail des dents de lait humaines. Les mécanismes des fractionnements isotopiques sont discutés sur la base d’observations chez l’humain et l’animal. Un modèle mathématique permet de dégager des mécanismes expliquant la distribution des isotopes du Ca à travers les tissus et les fluides de l’organisme et met en lumière le rôle prépondérant du rein dans la détermination de la composition isotopique de l’os.Environment influences the isotope compositions of body Ca and vertebrate physiology affects these compositions in turn. These observations have allowed recognition of possible applications for Ca isotopes, in the field of medical biology, with the assessment of bone mineral balance in human, and in (palaeo-)ecology for the study of past and present day diets in vertebrates. These applications depend on a better fundamental understanding of causes for these variations. This thesis aims at identifying the main mechanisms responsible for variability of Ca isotope compositions in mammals and human. A solution mode analysis protocol was first developed for MC-ICP-MS. Two methods for microsampling of tooth enamel were then compared in order to increase spatial resolution of mineralized tissues analysis. The influence of dietary Ca sources has been discussed. Isotope composition of human diet is variable because of the diversity of Ca primary sources but also due to variations in dairy products proportions in diet. Early dietary transitions, such as weaning, can be studied using the Ca isotope compositions of human deciduous tooth enamel.Based on observations in human and other mammals, the mechanisms responsible for Ca isotope fractionations are discussed. A mathematical model was developed, allowing the identification of some mechanisms responsible for Ca isotope distribution across organism reservoirs, and sheds light on the crucial role of kidney in determination of bone isotope compositions
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