1,721,037 research outputs found
The effect of experimentally induced abdominal compartment sndrome on gastroesophagial reflux and pulmonary aspiration
Get PDFAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı abdominal kompartman sendromunda intra-abdominal basınç artışının gastroözefagial reflü ve akciğer aspirasyonu üzerine etkisinin araştırılmasıdır.Gereç ve yöntem: Bu deneysel çalışma deneysel bir çalışma olarak planlandı. Ağırlıkları 22-26 kg arasında olan 6 miks cins erişkin erkek köpek çalışmaya alındı. Köpekler genel anestezi altında entübe edildi. İntraabdominal olarak plastik kateter yerleştirildi. Bu kateterden intraabdominal basınç serum fizyolojik ile arttırılırken üç yollu musluk ile basınç ölçümü yapıldı. Oral olarak mideye yerleştirilen diğer kateterin yeri transabdominal olarak palpasyonla tespit edildi. Bu tüpten sintigrafik madde verildi. Sülfür kolloid 5mCi Tc99m ile işaretlendikten sonra 30 ml süt ile karıştırılarak oragastrik kateterden verildi. 20 ml su ile kateter yıkandı. İntraabdominal basınç 5 dakikada 2 cm H2O artırılarak basınç 40 cm H2O ya ulaşana kadar dinamik kayıt yapıldı. Kompartman basıncında köpekler üç saat bekletilerek sitatik sintigrafik görüntü kaydedildi. Çalışma sonunda sintigrafik görüntülerden bazal, gastroözefagial reflü başlanğıcı, gastrik içeriğin farenkse geldiği basınçlar ile aspirasyon gözlenen köpekler tespit edildi.Bulgular: Bazal İAB'lar 10 cm H2O değerinin altında ölçüldü. Gastroösefagial reflü gözlenen ortalama İAB 17.83±4.07 cm H2O (11-23 cm H2O) olarak ölçüldü. Gastrik içeriğin farenkse geldiği ortalama İAB 29.83±3.25 cm H2O (26-35 cm H2O) olarak ölçüldü. İki köpekte aspirasyon olarak kabul edilen sintigrafik görüntü gözlendi.Sonuç: AKS erken tanı ve tedavisi yapılmadığı durumlarda mortalitesi yüksek seyredebilmektedir. Bu hastalarda cerrahi gerektirmeyen basınçlarda gastoösefagial reflü ve akciğer aspirasyonu gözlenebilmektedir. Endotrakeal tüp kaflarının şişik olması aspirasyonu engellememektedir. AKS'nda İAB artışının akciğerlere mekanik basıya bağlı meydana gelen restriktif akciğer hasarına akciğer aspirasyonun eklenmesi bu hastalarda mortaliteyi artıran ve kalıcı akciğer hasarına neden olabilir.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on gastroesophagial reflux and pulmonary aspiration in abdominal compartman syndrome.Materials and Methods: This study was planned as experimental study. Six adult male mixed breed dogs weighed 22-26 kg were included in the study. All dogs were intubated under general anaesthesia. A plastic catheter was intraperitonally placed. While increasing the intraabdominal pressure by this catheter with normal saline solution, intraabdominal pressure was measured by means of a three-way connector. The place of another tube which was orally inserted to the stomach was confirmed by trans-abdominal palpation. Scintigraphic substance was given through this tube. Sulphur colloid after marking with 5 mCi Tc99m then mixing with 30 ml milk was given by orogastric catheter. The catheter was washed in 20 ml water. Serial dynamic scintigraphic images were obtained when intraabdominal pressure reached to 40 cm H2O increasing 2 cm H2O at every five minutes. Dogs were kept at compartment pressure for three hours then static scintigraphic images were recorded. At the end of study, from the dogs had scintigraphic images the basic, the onset of gastroesophagial reflux, the pressures at gastric contents reached to pharynx pressure and dogs showed aspiration were determined.Results: Measured basic intraabdominal pressures were under 10 cm H2O. The mean intraabdominal pressure that gastoesophagial reflux observed was measured to be as 17.83±4.07 cm H2O (11-23 cm H2O). The mean intraabdominal pressure that gastric contents reached to phyranx was measured as 29.83±3.25 cm H2O (26-35 cm H2O). In two dogs aspiration positive scintigraphic images were observed.Conclusion: The mortality rate can persist high in condition where the early diagnosis and treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome was not performed. Gastroesophagial reflux and pulmonary aspiration may be seen in these patients even in pressures that does not require surgical decompression. Inflated cuffed endotracheal tubes can not prevent aspiration. In abdominal compartment syndrome the restrictive lung damage due to mechanical pressure by increased intraabdominal pressure together with lung aspiration may elevate the mortality and permanent lung damage in these patients
Comparing the toxic dosage of levobupivacain, ropivacaine and bupivacaine over cardiovasculer system effects in experimental animal model
No full textAMAÇ: Bu çalışmamızda; bupivakain, levobupivakain ve ropivakainin iv uygulanması sonucu, her bir ilacın ortaya çıkan kardiyotoksik etkilerini ve kardiyotoksisiteye neden olan toksik dozlarını karşılaştırmayı amaçladık.MATERYAL VE METOD: Ağırlıkları 20-25 kg. arasında erişkin 18 erkek karışık cins köpek çalışmaya alındı. Lokal anestezik ajan olarak seçilen ajanlar bupivakain (Grup B), levobupivakain (Grup L) ve ropivakaindi (Grup R). Denekler rastgele 6'lı 3 gruba ayrıldı. Çalışma öncesi deneklere İM 100 mg ketamin ve 5 mg midazolam verilerek anestezi sağlandı ve damar yolu açıldı. Deneklerin elektrokardiyografi (EKG), periferik oksijen saturasyonu (SPO2), kalp atım hızı (KAH) mönitörizasyonu yapıldı. Elektrokardiyografik izlem süresince aritmi, ventriküler fibrilasyon ve asistoli EKG değişiklikleri olarak kabul edildi. Grup B, Grup L ve Grup R için hesaplanan İV kardiyak toksik etki dozları sırası ile; 3 mg kg-1, 150 mg 3 mg kg-1 olarak belirlendi. Her grup için belirlenen lokal anestezikler (bupivakain, levobupivakain ve ropivakain) deneklere 30 mg dk-1 İV sabit infüzyon ile uygulandı. EKG değişiklikleri; aritmi, ventriküler fibrilasyon, asistoli tespit edildiğinde ilaç infüzyonu durduruldu ve çalışma grupları için toplam ilaç toksik etki dozları hesaplandı. SPO2 ve KAH ölçümleri her grup için 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 10., 15., 20., 25. ve 30.dakika boyunca yapıldı ve kaydedildiBULGULAR: Grup B için üçüncü dakikadan sonra 3. - 4. dakika periyodunda deneklerde EKG değişiklikleri tespit edildi ve bu sürede bupivakain toksik dozu (etki dozu) 121.83 ± 2.22 mg olarak hesaplandı. Bu grupdaki deneklerin 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 10., 15., 20., 25. ve 30.dakika boyunca kaydedilen SPO2, KAH'larında anlamlı değişiklik gözlenmedi. Grup L için üçüncü dakikadadan sonra 3. - 4. dakika periyodunda deneklerde EKG değişiklikleri tespit edildi ve bu sürede levobupivakain toksik dozu (etki dozu) 135.83 ± 8.01 mg olarak hasaplandı. Bu grupdaki deneklerin 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 10., 15., 20., 25. ve 30.dakika boyunca kaydedilen SPO2, KAH'larında anlamlı değişiklik gözlenmedi. Grup R için 5. dakikadadan sonra 5. - 6. dakika periyodunda deneklerde EKG değişiklikleri tespit edildi ve bu sürede ropivakain toksik dozu (etki dozu) 205.00 ± 5.47 mg olarak hasaplandı. Bu grupdaki deneklerin 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 10., 15., 20., 25. ve 30.dakika boyunca kaydedilen SPO2, KAH'larında anlamlı değişiklik gözlenmedi.Her üç grubun etki dozu kendi arasında istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldığında grup L'nin etki dozu, grup B'den istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (p<0.01 ). Grup L'nin etki dozu, grup R'den istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede düşük bulundu (p<0.01 ). Grup R'nin etki dozu, grup B'den istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (p<0.01 ). Grup R'nin etki dozu, grup L'den istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (p<0.01 ).Çalışma sonuçlarımıza göre her üç grubun EKG değişiklikleri değerlendirildiğinde bupivakain grubunun tümünde aritmi, iki denekte resüsitasyona cevap alınan ventriküler fibrilasyon görüldü. Levobupivakain ve ropivakain grublarındaki deneklerin tümünde aritmi görülmesine rağmen bu iki gruptaki deneklerin hiçbirinde ventriküler fibrilasyon görülmedi. Her üç grubda hiçbir denekte asistoli ile karşılaşılmadı.SONUÇ: Çalışmamızda, ropivakainin EKG değişiklikleri (aritmi, ventriküler fibrilasyon, asistoli) oluşturduğu İV dozu, levobupivakain ile karşılaştırıldığında daha fazla tespit edildi. Levobupivakain ve ropivakainin EKG değişiklikleri (aritmi, ventriküler fibrilasyon, asistoli) oluşturduğu İV toksik dozları bupivakainden anlamlı olarak daha fazla belirlendi. Bupivakain, levobupivakain ve ropivakain grublarının tamamında aritmi tespit edilmesine rağmen ölümle sonuçlanabilen ventriküler fibrilasyon ritmi bir tek bupivakain grubunda iki denekte görüldü ve bupivakainin ropivakain ve levobupivakainden, daha düşük dozlarda fetal aritmi oluşturduğu bulundu.Sonuç olarak; kardiyak sistem üzerine etkileri açısından bakıldığında, levobupivakain ve ropivakain bupivakainden, ropivakain ise levobupivakainden daha güvenli olarak görülmektedir.OBJECTIVES: In this study, following the administration of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine, we aim to compare the cardiotoxic dosages and cardiotoxic effects of each agent.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen adult male mixed breed dogs weighing 20-25 kg were included in the study. The agents that choosen as lochal anesthetics were bupivacaine (Group B), levobupivacaine (Group L), ropivacaine (Group R). The subjects of the experiment were divided randomly into three groups that each one containing six dogs. Anesthesia was supplied by administering of 100 mg ketamin and 5 mg midazolame before the study and intravenous catheter was placed. Electrocardiography (ECG), saturation of peripheric oxygene (SPO2) and heart rate (HR) monitorizations were performed. During electrocardiographic observation,aritmy,ventricular fibrilation, asistol accepted as ECG alterations. IV cardiac toxic dosages calculated for Group B,Group L and Group R respectively determined as 3 mg/kg, 150 mg, 3 mg/kg and total toxic effective dosage calculated for each group. Local anesthetics (bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine) were administered 30mg dk-1 intravenously by constant rate in each group. When ECG changes; arrhyhtmias, ventricular fibrillation and asistoly were determined, drug administration was stopped and bupivacaine causes fetal aritmy at lower dosages than ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Measurements of SPO2 and ECG were performed at 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 10., 15.,20., 25., and 30. minutes and recorded for each group.RESULTS: ECG changes after third minute between 3. and 4. minutes were determined in bupivacaine group and cardiotoxic dosage of bupivacaine was calculated as 121.83 ± 2.22 mg. There was no significant difference between SPO2 and HR values at 1.,2.,3.,4.,5.,10.,15.,20.,25. and 30. minutes. ECG changes after third minute between 3. and 4. minutes were determined in levobupivacaine group and cardiotoxic dosage for levobupivacaine was calculated as 135.83±8.01 mg. There was no significant difference between SPO2 and HR values at 1.,2.,3.,4.,5.,10.,15.,20.,25. and 30. minutes. ECG changes after fifth minute between 5 and 6. minutes were determined in ropivacaine group and cardiotoxic dosage of ropivacaine was calculated as 205.00 ± 5.47mg. There was no significant difference between SPO2 and HR values at 1.,2.,3.,4.,5.,10.,15.,20.,25. and 30. minutes. When effective dosages were compared statistically between groups, the effective dosage of levobupivacaine was found significantly higher than Bupivacaine (p<0.01). The effective dosage of levobupivacaine was found significantly lower than the ropivacaine group statistically (p<0.01). The effective dosage of ropivacaine group was found statistically significantly higher than bupivacaine group (p<0.01). The effective dosage of ropivacaine group was found statistically significantly higher than Levobupivacaine group (p<0.01).As the results of our study, when ECG changes in all groups were eveluated, arrhythmias were seen in all bupivacaine groups and ventricular fibrillation that replied cardiac resuscitation was seen in two animals. Although arrhthmias were seen in all levobupivacaine and ropivacaine animals, ventricular fibrillation wasn?t seen in these groups. Asistoly was not seen in any animals in three groups.CONCLUSION: The of our study the intravenous toxic dosage of ropivacaine that induced ECG changes (arrhytmias, ventricular fibrillation and asistoly) was determined higher than the toxic dosage of levobupivacaine. The dosages that induce ECG changes of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine were determined significantly more than bupivacaine toxic dosage. Although arrhythmia was determined in all bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine groups, ventricular fibrillation rhythm resulted death only in one animal at bupivacaine group.In conclusion, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine were observed as more reliable than bupivacaine and ropivacaine was observed as more reliable than levobupivacaine, when the cardiac effects were considered
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
