1,720,981 research outputs found
The direction of oscillation in spiral drawings can be used to differentiate distal and proximal arm tremor
No full textThe assessment of the extent of involvement of the distal and proximal joints in a complex arm tremor is important clinically, as tremor generated around the distal and proximal arm joints can be differentially alleviated by surgical intervention to the thalamic and subthalamic targets, respectively. We observed that the tremor present in spiral drawings shows a diagonal directional preference. We hypothesized that the directional preference of tremor within spiral drawings could be related to the involvement of different arm joints. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by: (1) studying simulated tremulous drawings performed by healthy subjects with the joints selectively restrained; (2) recording surface EMGs from the forearm extensor and deltoid muscles during drawing; and (3) mathematical modelling the kinematics of the arm in 2D drawings. Our data showed that a “main diagonal” axis of orientation of the tremor along the orientation of the forearm indicates a predominantly proximal tremor driven by the shoulder, and a “cross diagonal” axis of orientation of tremor (i.e. perpendicular to the forearm) indicates that the tremor is predominantly distal and driven by the elbow or wrist. We conclude that the spiral drawing task can be used as an objective and quantitative method for differentiating the involvement of the proximal and distal arm joints in complex arm tremors
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Intersex in four South African racial groups in Durban.
Full text linkThesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1970.Chapter I The ontogeny of sex development is introduced and a definition of the intersexual state is given. A resume of intersexes recorded in South Africa is presented together with figures showing the increased demand for cytogenetic services in the country. The motivation for this study is discussed. Chapter II The biological concept of sex is outlined together with notes on the evolution of the dioecious state in animals. Thereafter a brief account of the normal and abnormal intersex states in invertebrates and vertebrates is given. Chapter III Examples of some of the abundant references to ambisexual individuals found in the classical literature, history and mythology are listed and the status of intersexes in modern society is discussed: it does not vary much from the times of ancient Greece and Rome. Chapter IV A summary of the events which led to the establishment of cytogenetics as an independent discipline is given. The discovery of nuclear sex dimorphism is noted and methods of investigation of intersexual patients are described. A detailed description is given of cytogenetic technical. "methods, ; and leads to a diagrammatic explanation of the differential diagnosis of intersexes. This is used as a basis for the classification and accordingly a simplified, unambiguous system is proposed and defended. The sources and numbers of pat~ ients recorded in this thesis are explained. Chapter V The sex chromatin is described in detail? with a description of the methods used for its demonstration and evaluation. A pilot study of normal women of the four races established that there is no inter-racial variation in chromatin frequency. Reasons are given for disregarding nuclear appendages as an accurate indication of 'sex '. Chapter VI Embryological stage s i n the development of the human urogenital tracts are recounted after considering the mechanisms of sex determination. Pathogenesis of intersexuality is considered briefly. Chapter VII Gonadal dysgenesis of the female, including Turner's syndrome and phenotypes of both male and female are presented. The classification, pathology, aetiological and cytogenetic factors are described. Illustrative case reports and extensive discussion of the syndrome are presented. Chapter VIII The Klinefelter syndrome occurs in males with supernumerary X chromosomes; a number of chromatin negative, hypogonadal conditions mimic the syndrome: they are described, with notes on the classification, pathology, aetiology and the cytogenetic features. A series of case reports demonstrate both chromatin positive and negative types. Special reference is made to the dermatoglyphic profiles which were discovered to differentiate the XY males into two groups. Chapter IX Three syndromes, the XXX, XYY and agonadism, were not encountered in this study and are consequently not discussed. Chapter X The adrenogenital syndrome has several distinctive signs which are mimicked by induced virilization; these are described and a number of case reports are presented to illustrate the syndromes. Chapter XI Male intersexes occur in several different forms: the classification of the group is explained and a distinction is made between intersexes and those with simple, or 'pseudo-intersexual', defects. The signs of the different syndromes are detailed, together with data concerning the aetiology and cytogenetics. A series of patients' case histories is used to illustrate the various syndromes. Chapter XII Idiopathic female intersexuality is defined and a short explanation of the classification is given. The signs found in this syndrome are detailed and a single case report, which is of exceptional interest because of severe masculinization and the formation of a phallic urethra, is presented. Chapter XIII Hermaphroditism is defined and the subgroups are explained. The variability of signs is discussed and details of anatomy and histology of the genital tract are given . A single hermaphrodite was encountered during the survey and the case is described. Three other patients, all infants, were suspected of being hermaphroditic but because gonadal biopsy was not undertaken they were discharged from hospital without a diagnosis having been made. Discussion of the aetiological mechanisms is presented and the need for early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized. Chapter XIV Some of the simple genital anomalies and somatic defects which resemble intersex are mentioned and are illustrated by attenuated case reports. Chapter XV The incidence of those intersexual conditions recognizable at birth by anatomical deformity is calculated from a total population of 21,000 live births recorded during the calendar year, 1969. The incidence was very low (1:7000) and does not permit analysis of inter-racial distribution. Prevalence is calculated from the number of new patients seen by the author during 1969 in Durban. Some interesting observations were made but the primary objective, to determine whether or not intersexuality is more prevalent in the Bantu than any other race, could not be answered with certainty because of the small number of patients. Hermaphroditism was shown not to be the most common type of intersex syndrome in the Bantu. Chapter XVI An outline is given of the normal dermatoglyphic features of the finger prints and palms. Some references of the patterns in Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes are available from the literature and are compared with the profiles of patients from this series. A distinct dimorphism was found in chromatin negative hypogonadal males and was thought to distinguish between those with congenital or acquired pathology. Normal values for South Africans have not been established satisfactorily and the urgent need for this information is stressed. Chapter XVII A general discussion of the highlights of this study of the epidemiology, clinical presentation and cytogenetics of intersexuality is given and a number of conclusions are drawn
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Physiological and harmonic components in neuromuscular coherence in Parkinsonian tremor
No full textObjective: To differentiate physiological from harmonic components in coherence analysis of the tremor-related neural and muscular signals by comparing power, cross-power and coherence spectra. Methods: Influences of waveform, burst-width and additional noise on generating harmonic peaks in the power, cross-power and coherence spectra were studied using simulated signals. The local field potentials of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the EMGs of the contralateral forearm muscles in PD patients with rest tremor were analysed.Results: (1) Waveform had significant effect on generating harmonics; (2) noise significantly decreased the coherence values in a frequency-dependent fashion; and (3) cross-spectrum showed high resistance to harmonics. Among six examples of paired LFP-EMG signals, significant coherence appeared at the tremor frequency only, both the tremor and double tremor frequencies and the double-tremor frequency only. Conclusions: In coherence analysis of neural and muscular signals, distortion in waveform generates significant harmonic peaks in the coherence spectra and the coherence values of both physiological and harmonic components are modulated by extra noise or non-tremor related activity. Significance: The physiological or harmonic nature of a coherence peak at the double tremor frequency may be differentiated when the coherence spectra are compared with the power spectra and in particular the cross-spectra
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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