1,720,969 research outputs found
3D modelling of carbonates: Techniques and applications at different scales and processes
Full text linkA facies model for internalites (internal wave deposits) on a gently sloping carbonate ramp (Upper Jurassic, Ricla, NE Spain)
No full textInternal waves are waves that propagate along the pycnocline, the interface between two density-stratified fluids. Even though internal waves are ubiquitous in oceans and lakes, their impact in the sedimentary record has remained largely unrecognized. Internal waves can remobilize the sediment from the depth at which the internal waves break onto the sea floor. In shelf, or ramp settings, internal wave deposits (internalites) have to be distinguished from tempestites while in slope and deeper settings internalites require distinction from turbidites. The Upper Kimmeridgian carbonate ramp succession cropping out near Ricla (NE Spain) provides some key evidence to differentiate the depositional processes induced by breaking internal waves from those related to surface storm waves. Sandy-oolitic grainstone eventites, previously interpreted as tempestites, contain evidence of reworking by turbulent events related to breaking internal waves. Underlying rationale are: 1) they occur in distal mid-ramp position, detached from the coeval shallow-water successions; 2) they do not have the characteristic coarsening- and thickening upward trend of storm deposits; 3) they gradually thin-out to disappear both up dip and down dip, interbedded with mid-ramp lime mudstones; and 4) they show little or no erosion towards the shallower areas.
A facies model for internalites produced by two sediment populations, sand and mud, on a gently sloping carbonate ramp is proposed. The individual internalites occurring at Ricla include several architectural elements, sequentially organized in dip direction, which can be related to the flows associated with breaking internal waves: erosion in the breaker zone, swash run-up and tractive backwash flow. Individual internalites stack, with down- and up-slope shingling configuration, in dm-thick packages thought to reflect the up-slope and down-slope migration of the breaker zone, in turn related to depth variations of the palaeo-pycnocline. Packages occur in dm- to m-thick clusters suggested to reflect changes in sediment supply and/or variations in water stratification affecting the energy of internal waves
Internal Waves, an Under-Explored Source of Turbulence Events in the Sedimentary Record
No full textInternal waves occur nearly ubiquitously in lakes and oceans yet their sedimentary records remain largely unrecognized. Waves propagate at the interface between fluids of different densities. Surface waves propagate at the interface between air and water, which is a strong density gradient. Internal waves propagate along weaker gradients (pycnoclines) within density-stratified fluids, behaving similarly to surface waves but typically at lower frequencies and larger amplitudes. Internal waves that occur at tidal frequencies are called internal tides; they are very common on the outer continental shelf and slope, and are generated as the surface tides move stratified water up and down a sloping surface. Large internal solitary waves known as solitons are ubiquitous wherever strong currents and stratification occur in the vicinity of irregular topography. These waves can force short-period, strong bottom-current pulses and may trigger upslope-surging vortex cores of dense fluid (boluses) that can induce mobilization of bottom sediments.
Internal-wave deposits (internalites) are highly variable and definitive criteria for recognition are still to be developed. In terrigenous-clastic systems and shallow-water settings, internalites can be seen as “out-of-context” tempestites, detached from shore-related deposits and lacking thickening/coarsening upward sequences. In contrast to surface storm waves, the impact of internal waves is usually strongest in mid-outer-shelf regions and weaker in shallow water. Internal waves also provide a plausible mechanism to explain the origin of hummocky cross-stratification, especially their occurrence in different depositional environments. In deeper settings (continental slopes and canyons), internalites may have sedimentary structures indicating tidal currents and may coexist with turbidites. In carbonate systems, internal waves influence both sediment remobilization and the carbonate-producing biota. Differentiation between internal waves and surface storm waves is more reliable because many skeletal constituents have specific bathymetric distributions. Moreover, internal waves influence nutrient, plankton and larval distributions while inducing thermal variations by vertical displacements of the thermocline. The sharp gradient in nutrients and the chlorophyll-maximum zone typically correspond with the base of the seasonal pycnocline, which is commonly in the lower part of the photic zone. Suspension-feeding metazoans can thrive near the pycnocline, which explains the common occurrence of Phanerozoic metazoan buildups at mid- and outer ramp settings. During paleoceanographic changes that have influenced ocean stratification, internal waves may also have been a mechanism influencing diversification and extinction of these mid- and outer-ramp benthic communities
Reply to Shanmugam, G., Comment on Internal Waves, an Underexplored Source of Turbulence Events in the Sedimentary Record by Pomar Et Al. [Earth-Science Reviews, 111 (2012), 56-81], Earth Science Reviews (2012)
No full textShanmugam (2012) just published a criticism about the study of
Pomar et al. (2012) on the potential importance of internal waves
in shaping the sedimentary record in lakes and oceans. We would
like to acknowledge the effort done by G. Shanmugam for initiating
such a discussion. However, while scientific debates and controversies are necessary for the advancement of science in general, and for sedimentology in particular, they should be carried out with coherence and rigor to be constructive. Unfortunately, Shanmugam's comment appears to us not to follow this logic such that it is difficult for us to reply in a sensible manner
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
