1,721,197 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Epitaxia! pyroelectric oxide thin films on Si for thermal energy harvesting
No full textLes systèmes de récupération d'énergie sont prometteurs pour l'auto-alimentation des dispositifs intégrés. Les matériaux pyroélectriques couplant un changement de température à un changement de polarisation électrique peuvent être utilisés pour la conversion de l'énergie thermique en énergie électrique sans nécessité de maintien de gradients thermiques qui constitue un inconvénient majeur dans les modules thermoélectriques compacts. Dans cette thèse, le PbZro.52Tio.48O3 (PZT) et le BaxSr1-xTiUO3 (x = l et x = 0.7) à fort coefficients pyroélectriques, sont choisis, élaborés en couches minces épitaxiées, caractérisés pour étudier leur potentiel de récupération d'énergie thermique. Ce travail comporte deux aspects : le premier consiste au développement et l'optimisation des conditions de croissance des hétérostructures intégrées et épitaxiées sur silicium. Le deuxième est focalisé sur l'étude des propriétés fonctionnelles (ferroélectriques, diélectriques et pyroélectriques) et à l' estimation du pouvoir de récupération d'énergie principalement des couches de PZT. Une corrélation entre ces deux aspects est ainsi présente. Un changement de la structure cristalline est montré sur les empilements intégrés sur Si, en comparaison avec des structures équivalentes réalisées sur substrat de STO. L'impact de ceci a été directement constaté sur les propriétés fonctionnelles des couches hétéroépitaxiées de PZT. Ainsi une anisotropie importante de ces propriétés a pu être mise en évidence, en complétant cette étude par des mesures dans le plan a l'aide de peignes interdigités. Ces observations ont été cohérentes avec les mesures de la diffraction des rayons X en fonction de la température. Par ailleurs, les différentes méthodes et configurations de mesures du coefficient pyroélectrique sur PZT ont permis une meilleure compréhension du phénomène et la distinction des diverses contributions existantes. La mesure statique indirecte issue de la variation de la polarisation rémanente en fonction de la température renseigne sur l'effet pyroélectrique intrinsèque (et secondaire). Cependant les mesures dynamiques du courant pyroélectrique pendant un changement de la température contiennent toutes les contributions pyroélectriques et non pyroélectriques, comme les effets extrinsèques et le courant de relaxation. Des mesures pyroélectriques dynamiques sous champ électrique, se rapprochant des conditions de cycles de récupération d'énergie thermique, ont permis de montrer que des courants de conduction apparaissaient même pour des bonnes couches de PZT diélectriques épaisses. Ces courants masquent les courants pyroélectriques et rendent l'application de générateur électrique par cycles thermodynamiques sous champ électrique rédhibitoire. Des composants passifs n'utilisant pas ou peu de champs électriques tels que des capteurs devront plutôt être envisagées.Due to the wasted heat in ever more compact microelectronic devices, the harvesting of thermal energy has become interesting for self-powering small devices. Consequently, pyroelectric materials witch couple a change in temperature to a change in electrical polarization may be used for the conversion of the thermal energy to an electric energy without necessity of maintaining thermal gradients that is a main drawback in compact devices with thermoelectric materials. In this thesis, PbZro.52Tio.48O3 (PZT) and BaxSr1-xTiUO3 (x = l and x = 0.7), with high pyroelectric coefficients are chosen, elaborated in thin epitaxial layers, characterized structurally and electrically to study their potential for thermal energy harvesting. This work has two aspects: the first consists in the development and optimization of the growth conditions of epitaxial heterostructures integrated on Si. The second one focuses on the study of the functional properties ( ferroelectric, dielectric and pyroelectric) and the estimation of the energy harvesting efficiency mainly of PZT layers. A correlation between these two aspects is then done. A change in the crystal structure is shown on the Si-integrated stacks in comparison with equivalent structures grown on STO substrate. This structural behavior impacts directly the functional properties of the heteroepitaxial layers of PZT. Th us, an important anisotropy of these properties was demonstrated and completed by a study of the in plane properties using measurements by interdigital capacitors. These observations were consistent with measurements of X - ray diffraction as a function of temperature. Otherwise, different methods and configurations of pyroelectric coefficient measurements on PZT have allowed a better understanding of the phenomenon and the distinction of the various existing contributions. The indirect static measurement resulting from the variation of the remnant polarization as a function of the temperature gives the intrinsic (and secondary) pyroelectric contributions. However, the dynamic measurements of the pyroelectric current during a change of the temperature contain all the pyroelectric and non-pyroelectric contributions, such as the extrinsic effects and the relaxation current . Dynamic pyroelectric measurements under an electric field are near to the conditions of thermal energy harvesting cycles. Conduction currents appeared, even for good layers of thick dielectric PZT, and mask the pyroelectric currents. This makes the application of electric generator by thermodynamic cycles under electric field prohibitive. Passive components using low or no electrical field such as sensors should be considered
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Contribution to the understanding of the contrast during the characterization at the nanoscale of ferroelectric thin films by piezoresponse force microscopy
No full textUne des méthodes utilisées pour étudier la ferroélectricité à l'échelle nanométrique dans les couches minces est la technique appelée « Piezoresponse Force Microscopy » (PFM). La PFM est un mode dérivé de l’AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) en mode contact. Cette technique est basée sur l’effet piézoélectrique inverse : lorsqu’on applique un champ électrique sur un matériau piézoélectrique celui-ci se déforme. La pointe est posée sur la surface et mesure donc une déformation locale due à la tension appliquée. Les résultats obtenus par PFM sur des couches minces deviennent difficiles à interpréter dès lors que des charges d’origine non ferroélectriques (différentes de la charge de polarisation) entrent en jeu : charges électroniques piégées dans l’oxyde après l’injection de courant dues aux courants de fuite, charges déjà présentes dans la couche, les charges de surface, ainsi que les différents phénomènes électrochimiques due à la présence de la couche d’eau sous la pointe lors des mesures sous atmosphère ambiante. Le but de ce travail de thèse est de montrer que dans le cas de couches très minces les courants de fuite et les phénomènes électrochimiques peuvent conduire à l’interprétation de résultat PFM erroné. Des mesures PFM ont été réalisées sur des couches minces de PbZrTiO3, BaTiO3 et des nanostructures de BiFeO3 ferroélectriques. Les paramètres de mesure utilisés en PFM sont discutés avec une attention particulière sur la première résonance de contact qui permet d’amplifier le signal PFM. L’impact des phénomènes électrochimiques sur le contraste en PFM est discuté et mis en évidence d’un point de vue expérimentale. Des images PFM sur des couches minces non-ferroélectriques sont obtenues semblable à celle obtenues lors de l’utilisation d’une procédure standard sur des échantillons ferroélectriques. Ces images sont réalisées sur des couches minces d’aluminate de lanthane (LaAlO3), d'oxyde de Gadolinium (Gd2O3) et d’oxyde de Silicium (SiO2). Les motifs obtenus sur le LaAlO3 et le Gd2O3, similaires à des domaines de polarisation opposés, tiennent dans le temps sous atmosphère ambiante. Ces mesures sont comparées avec des résultats obtenus sur des couches minces de BaTiO3 préparées par MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy). Différentes méthodes de caractérisation électriques à l’échelle macroscopique sont présentées afin de confirmer la ferroélectricité des couches minces étudiées dans cette thèse. L'objectif est de disposer d'une procédure permettant d'affirmer qu'un échantillon dont on ne sait rien est ou n'est pas ferroélectrique.Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) is a powerful tool for the characterization of ferroelectric materials thanks to its ability to map and control in a non destructive way domain structures in ferroelectric films. Most of the time, the ferroelectric behaviour of a film is tested by writing domains of opposite polarization with the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) tip and/or by performing hysteresis loops with the AFM tip as a top electrode. A given sample is declared ferroelectric when domains of opposite direction have been detected; corresponding to zones of distinct contrast on the PFM image, or when an open hysteresis loop is obtained. More prudently in certain cases, the ferroelectricity is at last attested only when the contrast is stable within several hours. But as the thickness of the films studied by PFM decrease, data become difficult to interpret. In particular, charges trapped after current injection due to leakage currents and electrochemical phenomena due to the water layer under the tip may contribute in a non-negligible way to the final contrast of PFM images. In this thesis, some PFM measurements are performed on ferroelectric PbZrTiO3, BaTiO3 thin films and BiFeO3 nanostructures. Different parameters used in PFM measurements are discussed with special attention on the buckling first harmonic PFM measurements which allow the amplification of the PFM signal. The impact of electrochemical effects on the PFM contrast are discussed and are shown experimentally. Then, the standard procedure which is used in order to show the ferroelectricity of a film is applied to a non-ferroelectric sample with apparently the same results. To do so, we use a LaAlO3, Gd2O3 and SiO2 amorphous dielectric films and apply similar voltages as for artificially written ferroelectric domains. The resulting pattern is imaged by PFM and exhibit zones of distinct PFM contrasts, stable with time, similar to the one obtained with ferroelectric samples. These results are explained and is compared with results obtained on BaTiO3 thin films prepared by Molecular Beam Epitaxy which are supposed to be ferroelectric. In order to confirm the ferroelectricity of our thin films, several macroscopic electrical techniques are introduced. The aim of this study is to establish a reliable procedure which would remove any ambiguity in the characterization of the ferroelectric nature of such samples
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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