1,720,968 research outputs found
Cultural and Skill-Based Influences on Driver Behaviours: A Comparison of Two Countries
No full textBackground: Driver behaviours, as the major contributing factor to crashes, are influenced by various factors including human, vehicle and environment-related factors (Haddon, 1972; WHO, 2023). From the perspective of human factors and psychology, examining the interaction between psychological factors, social context and driver behaviours may provide significant contributions to enhance road safety. Individualism and collectivism, as two fundamental cultural dimensions, are known to shape decision-making and attitudes toward risk-taking in various domains, including driving (Nordfjærn & Şimşekoğlu, 2014). While these factors have been studied separately concerning driving behaviour, little is known about how driving skills influence these relationships and how these relationships differ across different cultural settings. Türkiye scored higher on collectivism and Belgium scored higher on individualism represent different cultural backgrounds (Hofstede, 2023). Understanding how cultural factors, individualism and collectivism, and driving skills interact to shape driver behaviours in both countries may help to develop tailored interventions for road safety.
Methods: The study sample comprised 527 drivers from Türkiye (M = 33.36; SD = 9.61) and 326 drivers from Belgium (M = 29.35; 12.29). Data were obtained through self-report measures in Turkish and Dutch, including the Demographic Information Form, Individualism and Collectivism Scale (Singelis, et al., 1995), Driving Skills Inventory (Lajunen & Summala, 1995), and Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (Reason et al., 1990; Martinussen et al., 2013), with items from the Positive Driver Behaviour Scale (Özkan & Lajunen, 2005). Participants were recruited via online platforms and university emails using snowball and convenience sampling methods. After conducting descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation analyses, moderated moderation analyses were carried out to examine the interactive effects of cultural factors (independent variables), driving skills (moderators), and country (moderator) on driver behaviours (dependent variable) using the PROCESS macro for SPSS v29 (Hayes, 2022).
Results: Correlation analyses showed that males reported more violations and higher perceptual-motor skills, and individualism was associated positively with violations while collectivism was associated positively with safety skills for both Turkish and Flemish drivers. In Türkiye, individualism was also associated with higher perceptual-motor skills, while it was associated positively with violations and negatively with safety skills in Belgium.
A total of 12 moderated moderation analyses were conducted to examine how individualism and collectivism affect driver behaviour, with driving skills as moderators, across both countries. The results were significant only for violations, not for errors nor for positive behaviours. Collectivism and violations were negatively correlated for Flemish drivers with higher levels of perceptual-motor skills. In contrast, this relationship was not significant for Turkish drivers. Another significant result is that the positive association between individualism and driving violations was decreased for Turkish drivers with higher perceptual-motor skills. Higher perceptual-motor skills may act as a buffer for the risk associated with individualistic tendencies. In contrast, the effect of individualism on violations increased with higher perceptual-motor skills in Flemish drivers, which suggests that higher perceived skills of individualistic drivers may result in more assertive and potentially riskier behaviours.
Discussion: The findings revealed cultural and skill-based factors on driver behaviours, specifically violations, in Türkiye and Belgium. In both countries, males reported more violations and higher perceptual-motor skills. This supports previous research indicating male drivers more frequently exhibit risky driving behaviours (Jimenes-Mejias, 2014). In line with previous research (Nordfjærn & Şimşekoğlu, 2014), individualism is positively associated with violations, while collectivism is positively associated with safety skills. It can be suggested that a collectivistic orientation, characterized by a social focus such as considering the welfare of others and being interrelated with others, may enhance the sense of responsibility and contribute to safe driving choices (Fatehi et al., 2020; Hofstede, 1991). In contrast, an individualistic orientation, characterized by a personal focus, may lead some drivers to place more importance on independence and personal freedom rather than considering the welfare of others or obeying the rules, potentially leading to risky behaviours while driving (Nordfjærn & Şimşekoğlu, 2014; Singelis et al., 1995).
The moderation analyses showed that there are significant findings for violations but not for other driving behaviours. Cultural and individual factors may have a stronger influence on risky and rule-breaking behaviours while errors and positive behaviours may be affected more by other factors such as attention level, fatigue or environmental factors. Collectivism was associated negatively with violations at higher levels of perceptual-motor skills in Belgium. Better driving abilities might enable these drivers to follow the rules and conform to the social norms, strictly. However, this relationship was not significant in Türkiye. In countries, where collectivistic values are deeply embedded in social life, such as Türkiye, perceptual motor skills might not have the same effect because adherence to social norms may already be strong across all skill levels. Turkish drivers with higher individualistic orientation and higher perceptual-motor skills reported fewer violations. That is, individualistic orientation may lead to better control over their driving behaviours for Turkish drivers with better driving skills. In contrast, the effect of individualism on driving violations increased with higher perceptual-motor skills in Flemish drivers. Drivers with individualistic tendencies in Belgium may tend to show assertiveness through better driving skills due to increased confidence, which may lead them to show risky driving behaviours.
Interventions designed to decrease driving violations should consider both cultural differences and perceived skill levels. For instance, in Belgium, promoting perceptual-motor skills training may enhance the protective effects of collectivistic orientation. On the other hand, enhancing perceptual-motor skills may prevent the negative consequences of the risks associated with individualistic orientation for Turkish drivers. Further studies may explore additional factors, such as urban-rural differences or attitudes towards risk-taking, in cross-cultural studies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of driver behaviour across diverse settings.
Conclusion: This is the first study examining the relationship between individualism-collectivism and driver behaviours cross-culturally by considering the effect of driving skills, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The results indicate the influence of individualism and collectivism on driving violations varies based on the level of perceptual-motor skills and the direction and the strength of this relationship varies based on the cultural context
Behind the Wheel and Beyond Time: The Relationship between Time Perspectives and Speeding in Türkiye and Belgium
No full textBackground: Road traffic crashes remain a significant problem worldwide, causing millions of injuries and deaths each year (WHO, 2023). Speeding is a significant contributing factor to traffic crashes worldwide, influenced by diverse psychological and cultural factors (Qaid et al., 2022). The previous research suggests that time perspective plays a significant role in shaping driver behaviours (Măirean, & Diaconu-Gherasim, 2021; Tekeş, Özdemir & Özkan, 2020). However, there is limited understanding regarding the role of time perspective in specific behaviours, such as speeding, particularly in cross-cultural contexts. Thus, the objective of the present study is to examine the relationships between time perspectives (past-positive, past-negative, present-fatalist, present-hedonistic, and future) and self-reported speeding among Turkish and Flemish drivers. Furthermore, moderation analyses will be conducted to examine how these relationships differ in Türkiye and Belgium to provide a deeper understanding of the psychological and cultural factors behind speeding, which may help to develop more effective interventions to reduce traffic crashes.
Methods: A total of 483 participants from Türkiye (M = 33.30; SD = 9.60) and 299 participants from Belgium (M = 29.78; SD = 12.43) filled out an online questionnaire comprising the Demographic Information Form, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) and three-item Driving Style Questionnaire (DSQ) Speed Scale (French et al., 1993) which measures how often participants exceed motorway speed limits, drive fast in general, and exceed speed limits in built-up areas. Participants were recruited via social media channels and university emails using snowball and convenience sampling methods. After cleaning the data, descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation analyses were performed for both countries. Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between time perspectives and speeding. Lastly, moderation analyses were conducted to assess cross-country differences in variables of interest using the PROCESS macro for SPSS v29 (Hayes, 2022).
Results: Correlation analyses showed that speeding was positively related to the present-hedonistic time perspective and negatively related to age and future time perspective for Turkish drivers. Speeding was positively associated with the present-hedonistic time perspective for Flemish drivers. Males reported higher speeding in both countries. The regression analyses showed that the present-hedonistic perspective was the strongest predictor of speeding for both countries while the future time perspective was the negative predictor of speeding, but its effect was more pronounced in Türkiye. Moderation analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effect of the country on the relationship between time perspectives and self-reported speeding behaviour, after controlling for age and gender. Among the results, the interaction between time perspective and country on speeding was significant only for future time perspective. According to the moderation analyses, results showed a significant negative relationship between future time perspective and speeding for Türkiye, whereas this interaction was not significant for Belgium.
Discussion: The present study aimed to examine the role of time perspectives on risky driving behaviours, specifically speeding. Present-hedonistic time perspective was defined with an emphasis on risk-taking and immediate gratification without considering future consequences (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). In line with previous literature (Zimbardo, Keough & Boyd, 1997), speeding as a risky driving behaviour was positively associated with the present-hedonistic time perspective in both Turkish and Flemish drivers, suggesting that the present-hedonistic time perspective may have a universal influence on speeding with a focus on impulsivity and immediate gratification, regardless of cultural context. Furthermore, a negative relationship was observed between future time perspective and speeding for Turkish drivers. Individuals with a higher future time perspective are less likely to be involved in speeding behaviour (Zimbardo et al., 1997). Consistent with the previous research, individuals with a future orientation tend to show safer behaviours by considering long-term consequences (Măirean, & Diaconu-Gherasim, 2021).
Country-based moderation analysis showed an interesting cultural difference: the future time perspective was negatively related to speeding only in Türkiye, not in Belgium. In Türkiye, individuals with a future time perspective may be more influenced by societal norms that emphasize risk avoidance and cautious behaviour, thus making them focus more on considering the long-term influences of driving behaviours. Traffic enforcement and societal attitudes toward risk-taking may differ, with future time perspective being less related to driving-related decisions and more related to long-term goals in other areas of life. There may be a cultural tendency to keep long-term goals distinct from everyday decisions for Flemish drivers with a higher future time perspective.
The non-significant interactions for three time perspectives suggest their limited influence on speeding behaviours. Present-hedonistic time perspective, defined as thrill-seeking and immediate pleasure, and the future time perspective, defined as considering long-term outcomes, appear to be more strongly associated with behaviour regulation and risk assessment (Baird et al., 2021). Past-oriented perspectives may be less relevant in immediate decision-making in driving contexts.
Future research should be conducted by considering different cultural factors in multiple countries with varying levels of societal attitudes toward risk-taking, rule compliance and road safety, to enhance the understanding of how different time perspectives influence risky driving behaviours, including aggressive driving. Moreover, intervention programs aimed at promoting safer driving habits could benefit from incorporating strategies that emphasize future-oriented thinking. These programs may also emphasize encouraging drivers to delay or resist their tendency to show impulse behaviours and decision-making linked with the present-hedonistic time perspective for long-term safety. Policymakers and road safety campaigns should address the psychological factors underlying speeding and other risky driving behaviours by tailoring interventions to cultural contexts.
Conclusion: The present study provides valuable insights into how time perspectives influence speeding behaviour across different cultural contexts, for the first time in the literature, to the authors’ best knowledge. A positive relationship between the present hedonistic time perspective and speeding across both cultures underscores the need for interventions focusing on impulsive behaviours and the prioritization of immediate gratification over long-term outcomes while driving. The findings also emphasize the importance of future time perspective to decrease risky driving behaviours
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
TÜRKİYE VE BELÇİKA’DA SÜRÜCÜ DAVRANIŞLARI: BİREYCİLİK-TOPLULUKÇULUK, ZAMAN YÖNELİMİ, TRAFİK İKLİMİ VE SÜRÜŞ BECERİLERİ İLE İLİŞKİSİ
No full textRoad safety outcomes are determined by the interaction between individual characteristics, cultural orientations, and perceptions of the traffic system. This study aimed to examine how individualism-collectivism and time perspectives relate to driver behaviors, specifically speeding, through the moderating effect of driving skills and traffic climate, in Türkiye and Belgium. With this purpose, two complementary studies were conducted. Study 1 investigated self-reported driving behaviors among drivers from Türkiye and Belgium. Participants completed a questionnaire package that included Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Individualism and Collectivism Scale, Driver Behavior Questionnaire, Driving Skills Inventory, Traffic Climate Scale, and Driving Style Questionnaire-Speed Scale. The findings showed that cultural orientations and time perspectives significantly predicted traffic violations, with driving skills and traffic climate serving as moderators. These associations were not universal but were found to exhibit differences based on country, skill level, and perceived traffic climate. Study 2 employed driving simulators to investigate speeding behavior across various road segments with drivers from Türkiye and Belgium, in addition to the measurements used in Study 1. Findings indicated that the effects of individual factors on speeding were largely dependent on perceptions of traffic climate and context. Taken together, both studies provided evidence that driver behavior cannot be explained by individual characteristics alone, but rather emerges through interactions of cultural, systemic, and contextual factors. These findings contribute to socio-ecological perspectives toward traffic safety and underscore the necessity of addressing behavioral models within a context-sensitive framework. The findings of the study were discussed in the light of the related literature.Yol güvenliği, bireysel özellikler, kültürel yönelimler ve trafik sistemine ilişkin algıların etkileşimiyle şekillenmektedir. Bu araştırma, Türkiye ve Belçika’da sürücülük becerileri ile trafik ikliminin düzenleyici etkisi aracılığıyla bireycilik-toplulukçuluk ve zaman yönelimlerinin sürücü davranışları (özellikle hız yapma) ile ilişkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda iki tamamlayıcı çalışma yürütülmüştür. Çalışma 1, Türkiye’den ve Belçika’dan sürücülerin öz-bildirimlerine dayalı sürücü davranışlarını incelemiştir. Katılımcılar, Zimbardo Zaman Yönelimi Envanteri, Bireycilik-Toplulukçuluk Ölçeği, Sürücü Davranışı Anketi, Sürüş Becerileri Envanteri, Trafik İklimi Ölçeği ve Sürüş Tarzı-Hız Alt Ölçeğini içeren bir anket setini doldurmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, kültürel yönelimlerin ve zaman perspektiflerinin kural ihlallerini anlamlı biçimde yordadığını; sürüş becerileri ve trafik ikliminin ise bu ilişkilerde düzenleyici rol oynadığını göstermiştir. Bu ilişkilerin evrensel olmadığı, ülke, beceri düzeyi ve algılanan trafik iklimine göre farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma 2’de ise, Türkiye’den ve Belçika’dan sürücülerin farklı yol koşullarındaki hız davranışlarını incelemek için sürüş simülatörleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, bireysel faktörlerin hız yapma üzerindeki etkilerinin büyük ölçüde trafik iklimi algısı ve sürüş bağlamına bağlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, her iki çalışma da sürücü davranışlarının yalnızca bireysel özelliklerle açıklanamayacağını; bunun yerine kültürel, sistemsel ve bağlamsal faktörlerin etkileşimiyle şekillendiğini güçlü bir şekilde ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, trafik güvenliğine yönelik sosyo-ekolojik yaklaşımları desteklemekte ve davranışsal modellerin bağlama duyarlı bir çerçevede ele alınması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışmanın bulguları, ilgili literatür ışığında ayrıntılı olarak tartışılmıştır.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra
Kişilik özellikleri ve yaya davranışları arasındaki ilişki: Değerlerin aracı rolü
No full textThe main objective of the current study is to investigate the relationship between
personality traits, individual values, and pedestrian behaviors. Although personality
traits and values are widely studied variables in different fields, there is limited
research investigating the relationship of these variables with pedestrian behaviors
in the literature. In the current study, the mediator role of individual values on the
relationship between Big Five Personality Traits and pedestrian behaviors were
examined. A total of 633 people (361 females and 272 males) participated in the
study. Age range was between 18 and 56 (M=26.1; SD= 6.51). Demographic
information form, Big Five Inventory, Portrait Values Questionnaire, and Pedestrian
Behavior Scale were used as measurement tools. Bivariate Correlations and
Mediation Analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between study
variables. Individual values mediated the relationship between personality traits and
pedestrian behaviors. The findings were provided in detail. Discussion of findings,
limitations, and contributions of the current study were presented in light of the
relevant literature.Bu çalışmanın temel amacı kişilik özellikleri, değerler ve yaya davranışları
arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Kişilik özellikleri ve değerler farklı alanlarda
yaygın olarak kullanılan değişkenler olmakla birlikte, literatürde bu değişkenlerin
yaya davranışları ile ilişkisini araştıran sınırlı sayıda araştırma bulunmaktadır. Bu
çalışma, Beş Faktör kişilik özellikleri ile yaya davranışları arasındaki ilişkide
değerlerin aracı rolünü incelemiştir. Çalışmaya toplam 633 kişi (361 kadın ve 272
erkek) katılmıştır. Katılımcıların ortalama yaşı 26.1 olup (SS = 6.51), 18 ve 56
arasında değişmektedir. Ölçüm araçları olarak demografik bilgi formu, Beş Faktör
Envanteri, Portre Değerler Anketi ve Yaya Davranışları Ölçeği kullanılmıştır.
Çalışılan değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmak için Korelasyon ve Aracı
Değişken analizleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular, kişilik özelliklerinin yaya davranışları ile
ilişkili olduğunu ve değerlerin bu ilişkiye aracılık ettiğini göstermiştir. Çalışmanın
bulguları detaylı bir şekilde sunulmuştur. Mevcut çalışmanın sonuçları, sınırlılıkları
ve katkıları da ilgili literatür ışığında sunulmuşturM.S. - Master of ScienceTUBITAK (Yurtici Lisansustu Burslar
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