1,721,139 research outputs found
From energy communities to sector coupling: a taxonomy for regulatory experimentation in the age of the European Green Deal
No full textEurope has recently confirmed and augmented its commitment towards full decarbonization through the EU Green Deal and the Fit for 55 package. Energy policy struggles to keep up with technical and business novelties, often constituting an obstacle for technological innovation. Regulatory sandboxes and pilot projects have recently played a central role in the policy strategy adopted by many countries, but a common framework is still missing. In this work, moving from the approaches adopted by Ofgem in Great Britain and Arera in Italy, a list of experimental dimensions is firstly proposed, and the most important trialling experiences individuated worldwide are mapped on it. Therefore, clustering these experiences based on their characteristics, a reference taxonomy to design and classify regulatory experiments is proposed. In parallel, topics addressed within trials are described and mapped on the main challenges posed by EU Green Deal targets on the power system. The analysis highlights that there is no one-size-fits-all approach towards regulatory experimentation, and that effort is needed to ensure coordinated initiatives within and among European countries, in order to timely achieve a net-zero energy system in the most effective way
Buildings as Batteries - Unlocking Grid Flexibility from Smart Management of Domestic Heating
No full textThe proposed optimization model offers the possibility to find the optimal dispatch of heating units to satisfy the thermal demand of buildings, white simultaneously providing flexibility services by leveraging on the energy stored within the envelope. This enables the aggregation of buildings to participate in Ancillary Services Market (ASM) as a Demand Response (DR) provider. The resulting day-ahead program ensures that the state-of-charge of the building (i.e., its indoor temperature) is maintained at a level that allows decreasing or increasing the consumption as a response to a power regulation request from the operator, while maintaining acceptable thermal comfort conditions to the users. Preliminary results demonstrate the available flexibility potential from three different building types under diverse weather conditions, with smart management of the consumption trajectory white saving on operational costs
Tariff-based regulatory sandboxes for EV smart charging: Impacts on the tariff and the power system in a national framework
Full text linkElectrification of private transport is a fundamental step for decarbonizing mobility. Electric vehicles (EV) can be a burden for the power system if vehicle-grid integration is not implemented by design. Market-based smart charging projects are effective, but their massive diffusion is limited. A fundamental instrument toward a large adoption of smart charging is the inclusion of smart charging-oriented measures in regulatory sandboxes, conveniently acting on electricity tariff. This paper presents a set of possible toolboxes for smart charging to show the potential that regulatory measures can have on steering the infrastructure deployment and the charging activity. Each proposed toolbox addresses a specific charging mode, including domestic, workplace, and public access charging. Proposed measures are target-oriented and evaluated based on their environmental, technical, and economic impacts. These include the carbon footprint of the electricity used for EV charging, the impact in terms of peak power withdrawal from the public grid and the charging cost born by EV users. Additionally, the assessment about the impact of prospected measures on the electricity tariffs' income is provided. Results show the possibility of reducing the evening EV-related peak load by 30% to 50% via home smart charging. Also, a 10% decrease in carbon footprint is achieved by valley-filling with work charging. Charging at the destination can reduce the system cost for the new distribution infrastructure, dropping the number of new dedicated connection points for public charging. The cost of incentives is partially repayable considering the additional EV penetration fostered by the reduced charging costs
Revenue Stacking for BESS: Fast Frequency Regulation and Balancing Market Participation in Italy
Full text linkBattery energy storage systems (BESS) are considered a relevant flexible resource for supporting the balancing of a RES-penetrated power grid. Since their cost structure is characterized by very high capital costs, it is of utmost importance to ensure efficient and effective operations from a techno-economic perspective. The possibility of services (and revenues) stacking is one of the most discussed optimization solutions. The present work provides a novel approach for BESS modeling, including the stacking of two diverse ancillary services, a dedicated balancing market bidding model, and a state-of-charge management strategy. Fast frequency regulation is proposed as a power-based service, requiring large ramping capability, but asking BESS activation just for a limited amount of time. For the remainder, BESS power can be traded on balancing market (BM): energy-based services, such as tertiary regulation, could be effectively coupled with power-based, fast regulations, increasing the economic attractiveness of investments in BESS. The case of fast reserve (FR), a new high-speed frequency response service proposed by the Italian TSO in Italy, is assessed in this study. FR provision foresees a capacity-based remuneration (k/MW/year) and requires to ensure 1000 hours per year of availability. After assessing its cost-effectiveness as a stand-alone service, a sequential multiservice strategy is proposed, where BESS provides FR for 1000 hours, while for the rest of the time it is dedicated to the provision of replacement reserve (RR). Performances of BESS are evaluated considering the reliability of the provision, its operational efficiency, and investment's economics. Performed tests demonstrate how, within the current Italian regulatory framework, the investment's rate of return improves thanks to the multiservice approach. In particular, while maintaining a proper reliability, the minimum acceptable remuneration from FR yearly auctions decreases by 13%; at the same time, self-dispatching of energy through BM calls reduces the need to purchase energy on day-ahead market and keeps BESS state-of-charge far from saturation regions, thus also increasing its lifetime
Andamento della conducibilità elettrica del latte di bufala in funzione dell’ordine di parto e dello stadio di lattazione
No full textCaratterizzazione nutrizionale di alcune leguminose da granella ai fini della loro utilizzazione in diete per ruminanti.
No full textAndamento della conducibilità elettrica del latte di bufala in funzione dell’ordine di parto e dello stadio di lattazione
No full textCaratterizzazione nutrizionale di alcune leguminose da granella ai fini della loro utilizzazione in diete per ruminanti.
No full textDegradation kinetics of protein and carbohydrate fractions of Alfalfa grass using the in vitro technique.
No full textFirenze (Italy
Caratterizzazione degli alimenti secondo il Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System e utilizzazione di questo sistema nell’alimentazione dei ruminanti
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