1,720,980 research outputs found
Simboli cartografici per cavità artificiali: recenti attività delle Commissioni UIS
No full textLa definizione di standard cartografici, e dei simboli da utilizzare per la rappresentazione degli elementi caratterizzanti grotte naturali e cavità artificiali, è di estremo interesse ai fini della corretta documentazione e divulgazione del mondo sotterraneo. Specialmente nel caso delle cavità artificiali, all’interno delle quali è possibile osservare significativi elementi di grande importanza storica e archeologica, risulta necessario stabilire una simbologia unica, accettata e validata dalla comunità internazionale. Di recente, partendo da una serie di esperienze condotte in ambito delle cavità artificiali, e dalla esistente simbologia cartografica per grotte naturali, il Gruppo di Lavoro su Rilievo e Cartografia (Commissione per l’Informatica) e la Commissione sulle Cavità Artificiali della International Union of Speleology (UIS) hanno avviato lavori congiunti per giungere a definire un set di simboli utilizzabile per le cavità di origine antropica. Il presente lavoro riassume le attività sinora svolte
Idraulica rupestre in Turchia
No full textLa Turchia, ed in particolare la Cappadocia,
rappresentano indubbiamente uno dei
siti al mondo maggiormente famosi per lo sviluppo
di cavità scavate dall’uomo, con veri e
propri insediamenti che caratterizzano vaste
aree del territorio. In questo contesto, nonostante
l’abbondante bibliografia esistente sui
siti della Cappadocia, non molti lavori sono
stati dedicati agli aspetti di idraulica rupestre.
Con il presente contributo ci proponiamo
l’obiettivo di colmare, almeno parzialmente,
questa lacuna, fornendo una prima, seppur
sintetica, descrizione delle tipologie di opere
idrauliche individuate
A caccia di cunicoli: dalla Cappadocia allo Xinjiang. Speleologia
No full textRelazione divulgativa su una spedizione in Cina riguardante cuniculi drenanti e risorse idriche in zone deseriche.
Report about kanats and water resources in arid areas of China
¬Map of Rock-Cut Sites in the Mediterranean Basin, and classification of the related hydraulic works.
No full textBlooming of rupestrian communities is a significant phenomenon in central-southern Italy (southern Tuscany, northern
Latium, Campania, Molise, Basilicata, Apulia and Sicily), and in many other countries of the Mediterranean Basin
(Algeria, France, Libya, Malta, Greece, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey), as well as of Africa (Ethiopia), the Middle East
(Jordan, Israel, Syria), and central Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan). Further, it is also present in other
regions of the world, from the ancient Persia, to China, to the high valleys in the Himalaya.
The speleological research in artificial cavities, which started in Italy and nowadays is widespread in many other countries,
has largely contributed to acquisition of a large amount of data of great interest about the different typologies of
cavities (civilian settlements, underground working places, defensive works, hermitage sites), and the structures necessary
to daily life and to development of a variety of activities as well. Speleologists, by comparing the techniques used in
the realization of the different works, and the related aims, have collected data about tens of thousands of underground sites excavated by man, of high historical and anthropological interest. Thanks to this work of many decades, we can today compare and analyze all these data, which in turn feed several projects, as for the case of the Map of Rock-Cut Sites in the Mediterranean Basin
The path of water in relation to human communities: history of a middle-age aqueduct in Apulia (southern Italy)
No full textAvailability of freshwater has always played a crucial role in the foundation and establishment of human communities. In regions characterized by arid or semi-arid climates, or in karst areas where surface water is typically lacking or very scarce, this has often been a problem, forcing man to look for water through detailed knowledge of the local hydrogeology. From these issues, the realization of hydraulic works, frequently entirely or in part built underground, started in different epochs.
In the research here presented, starting from the outcomes of a project dedicated to ancient underground pipelines in Italy, we describe the hydrogeological setting and the historical framework of the “S. Angelo – Fontana della Stella” water supply system, one of the most remarkable evidence in the territory of Gravina in Puglia (Apulia). As documented by historical sources, the construction of the hydraulic work started in 1743. With an overall length of 3,500 meters, the aqueduct is one of the best preserved underground man-made structures for collection and transport of water resources in southern Italy. It starts from an intake located some kilometers north-west from the town, draining waters coming out at the contact between Plio-Pleistocene calcarenites and the overlying clays. A system of underground galleries, connected to the surface by a number of inspection wells, allowed the waters to flow to the town. The subterranean system ends up at the right valleyside of the Gravina Torrent; to pass the deep canyon, and let the water reach the final destination where, a bridge-channel was built across the torrent. As described from the speleological explorations, and the historical researches as well, the “S. Angelo – Fontana della Stella” water supply system is a very important heritage for the entire region, since it represents one of the most significant ancient subterranean water systems in Apulia, also testifying the hydrogeological knowledge reached at the time of its realization
Rupestrian works and artificial cavities: categories of construction techniques.
No full textArtificial cavities, i.e. man-made structures excavated within rock masses in the mountains, below the ground, or in the subsoil of urban areas, are typically distinguished based upon the epoch of realization and the function for which they were originally used. They can be ranked into the following types, in turn divided in sub-classes: hydraulic works, dwelling works, worship works, war works, mining works, transit way works and others. The above criteria are essential for establishing a general common line aimed at providing optimal elements for cataloguing and comparing subterranean features, which may favor the creation of databases functional to knowledge, protection and enhancement of the hypogean works. In addition, there is another useful aspect for studying the origin and evolution of underground structures that takes into account their implementation modalities. The National Commission on Artificial Cavities of the Italian Speleological Society has identified, according to its experience in the field and in function of the construction techniques, six general categories of underground works: cavities dug in the subsoil, cavities built in the subsoil, cavities obtained by re-cover, anomalous artificial cavities, mixed artificial cavities and natural caves modified by men (anthropized caves). In this contribution we will discuss the specific details of each category, thus extending the concept of rupestrian heritage, usually confined to temples or dwellings carved in the rock, to a culture of building in "negative" that finds larger and more diversified evidences
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Classification of artificial cavities: a first contribution by the UIS Commission
No full textThe article representes a contribution by the Commission on Artificial Cavities of the Union Internationale de Speleologie
(UIS) aimed at defining a general classification of artificial cavities. The amount and variety of cavities realized
underground by man is extremely high, and cover with variable peculiarities many areas of the world. Nevertheless, it is
important to perform an attempt in classifying such great variety, through a classification comprising at least the main
categories of observed situations. Starting from the work carried out in past years by the Italian Speleological Society, it
is here presented a classification of artificial cavities based upon time and modality of realization, and organized through
a typological tree where seven main categories are defined, each one of them in turn subdivided into sub-types. We hope
that, referring in the next future to this classification, it will be possible to better organize and describe the works and
researches on artificial cavities, and compare the situations present in different areas of the world
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