1,720,967 research outputs found
Women, executive powers and stereotypes: female underrepresentation in politics
Full text linkL’obiettivo di questa dissertazione è indagare il ruolo di stereotipi di genere, che dipingono le donne, rispetto agli uomini, come meno competenti e adatte al mondo politico. Il lavoro è diviso in tre sezioni; nel primo capitolo descriverò il modello della minaccia dello stereotipo (Steele & Aronson, 1995) ed esplorerò alcune delle sue implementazioni empiriche. Dopo di che, presenterò due studi in cui testiamo l’effetto di una condizione di ST su di un test definito diagnostico di abilità politiche. Letteratura precedente ha esplorato l’effetto dello stereotype threat sulla conoscenza politica (e.g. Mcglone et al., 2006) e sull’ambizione politica (e.g. Pruysers & Blais, 2017), ma non si è mai concentrata sull’effetto su competenza e abilità. Nonostante non siano emerse differenze nella prestazione di uomini e donne nelle due condizioni (ST vs. controllo), sono state analizzate differenze individuali nell’attribuzione di stereotipi di genere sia a livello implicito che esplicito. A questo scopo ho sviluppato una nuova misura implicita, implementando il ‘single attribute implicit association test’ (Penke et al., 2006). Abbiamo misurato la credenza nello stereotipo politico di genere anche ad un livello esplicito (questionario ad hoc). Non è emerso un effetto di moderazione per nessuna di queste variabili tra l’esposizione alla minaccia e la performance politica. Nel secondo capitolo abbiamo preso in considerazione uno stereotipo più preciso che potrebbe demotivare le donne e la loro intenzione di accedere al mondo politico. Nello specifico, abbiamo esposto i partecipanti allo stereotipo che associa più facilmente gli uomini all’essere carismatici, rispetto che le donne. Dopo aver dimostrato lo stereotipo ‘carisma = uomini’, abbiamo preso come background teorico il Field specific Ability Belief model (Cimpian & Leslie, 2015; 2017). Considerato il requisito di essere carismatico per essere un buon politico e l’esistenza di uno stereotipo che considera gli uomini come più carismatici rispetto alle donne, il modello FAB potrebbe contribuire all’analisi della sotto rappresentazione delle donne in politica. Questo ci ha portato a testare empiricamente se l’essere esposto alla necessità di essere carismatico (vs dedito/onesto) per avere successo nel mondo politico possa predire la preferenza per un candidato uomo (vs. femmina). Le nostre ipotesi non sono state confermate dai dati. Anche in questa sezione ci siamo concentrate su variabili individuali che potrebbero definire in maniera più chiara l’attribuzione di stereotipi di genere in politica, ossia l’orientamento alla dominanza sociale (Ho et al., 2015), la dominanza maschile (MNRI, Levant et al., 2007). Inoltre, abbiamo costruito una scala ad hoc che misura la preferenza per gli uomini in ruoli politici (Belief in the traditional male norms). Le tre variabili non sono emerse moderare la relazione tra condizione (carisma vs. dedizione/onestà) e la percezione di adeguatezza di un candidato uomo vs. donna per un ruolo politico. Verranno discussi i limiti e i punti di forza di queste misure. Infine, nell’ultima sezione, abbiamo spostato la nostra attenzione da possibili antecedenti all’intenzione di accedere al mondo politico a possibili antecedenti all’abbandono di ruoli politici. A tal fine, abbiamo raccolto dati da una popolazione di politici, impegnati nei diversi livelli del potere esecutivo. Nello specifico, abbiamo analizzato variabili di stato riguardo al loro benessere e alla percezione di essere competenti e/o discriminati (quindi variabili non di tratto ma legate alla loro vita politica). Il nostro obiettivo è colmare la mancanza in letteratura di studi che analizzano differenze di genere nello sperimentare stati di ansia nella vita politica. A sostegno delle nostre ipotesi, è emerso un ambiente politico più stressante per le donne rispetto che per gli uomini.The overall aim of this PhD dissertation is to investigate the role of some stereotypes that make women feel less competent and suitable for political positions compared to men. The work is divided into three sections; in the first chapter, I will define the Stereotype Threat (ST, Steele & Aronson, 1995) model and explore some of its empirical implementations. Afterwards, I will present two studies in which we test the effect of a stereotype threat manipulation on a test diagnostic of political abilities. Previous literature explored the effect of ST on political knowledge (e.g. Mcglone et al., 2006) and political ambition (e.g. Pruysers & Blais, 2017), but it has never focused its attention the effect on competence and ability. Even though in both study 1 and study 2, we did not find any differences between female and male participants in the two conditions (stereotype threat vs. control) we investigated the role of individual differences in gender political stereotyping both at the implicit and at the explicit level. For this purpose, I developed a novel measure of implicit stereotyping, employing the single attribute implicit association test procedure (SA-IAT). I also measured the endorsement of the politics gender stereotype using an explicit measure ad hoc questionnaire. We did not find that these variables moderate the effect of ST on political performance. In the second chapter we took into account a more specific stereotype which could demotivate women from the intention to access the political world. Specifically, I analyzed the stereotype that sees women less charismatic compared to men. After having demonstrated the ‘charisma = man’ stereotype we took as a theorical framework the Field specific Ability Belief model (FAB model, Cimpian & Leslie, 2015; 2017). Given the requirement of charisma to be a good politician and the endorsement of the stereotype that men are more charismatic than women, the FAB model could contribute to the understanding of female underrepresentation in politics. This led us to empirically test whether being exposed to the necessity of being charismatic (vs. dedicated/honest) in order to succeed in the political world would predict a preference for a male candidate (vs. female candidate). Our hypotheses were not supported by the data. In this second section, we also took into account individual variables which could further contribute to the cognitive processes implicated in the political gender stereotyping, i.e. the Social Dominance Orientation (Ho et al., 2015), the Male Dominance sub factor of the MNRI (Levant et al., 2007). Moreover, we constructed an ad hoc scale measuring the preference for men in political roles (Belief in the traditional male norms, BTMN). The three variables did not moderate the relationship between the condition (charisma vs. dedication/honesty) and the perception of a male/female candidate adequacy for a political role. Limits and strengths of these measures will be discussed. Finally, in the last section, we moved our attention from possible antecedents to the female entrance to politics, to possible antecedents to the dropout of women from political roles. For this purpose, we collected data from a sample of politicians enrolled at different levels of executive power. Specifically, we took into account state variables (i.e. not related to personality traits of the participants but related to the political experience) about well-being and the perception of being competent or discriminated. Our aim was to respond to this lack of literature exploring gender differences in the experience of political anxiety. Consistently with our hypotheses, we found that the political environment is more stressful for female politicians compared to male politicians
The role of implicit gender spatial stereotyping in mental rotation performance
Full text linkMen outscore women in mental rotation. Among the possible explanations for this result are gender stereotypes. Research has shown that instructions confirming or disconfirming the gender stereotype that men are more talented than women may affect performance in some spatial tasks, such as mental rotation, but research so far has shown inconsistent or null results. However, no research to date has assessed whether participants' implicit associations linking men to spatial abilities may modulate these effects. Thus, the goal of this study was to assess the moderating role of the implicit gender spatial stereotyping, that is the automatic associations between men vs. women and space, in male and female participants receiving either stereotypical (stating that men outscore women) or stereotype-nullifying (stating that there is no gender di difference) explicit instructions. Results confirmed that men performed better than women in mental rotation, but also showed that in the stereotype- nullifying condition, the higher the automatic associations between space and men the lower men's performance. The discussion focuses on the importance of considering implicit gender spatial stereotyping as a factor that can modulate mental rotation performance
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Endorsing Precarious Manhood Beliefs Is Associated With Sexual Harassment Myths Acceptance in Italian Men and Women
Full text linkThe present study aimed to expand the understanding of the correlates of sexual harassment myths, a set of beliefs that serve to justify male perpetrators. Data collected among Italian adults (N = 407; 59.5% women) showed that individual levels of precarious manhood beliefs-according to which manhood is a social status that must be proven via public action-were related to greater sexual harassment myths acceptance in male and female respondents. Such associations were mediated by hostile sexism and benevolence toward men. Findings suggest that interventions to reduce tolerance of sexual harassment of women should target cultural views of manhood and counteract rigid models of masculinity and femininity
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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