105,472 research outputs found
DNA fusion product of phage P2 with plasmid pBR322: a new phasmid.
No full textThe chromosome of the temperate bacterio phage P2 and that of the plasmid pBR322 have been joined in vitro after treatment with restriction end on uclease EcoRl. The fusion product -a phasmid -can behave as a plasmid, as a phage and as a prophage. It can replicate its DNA under the control of either the specific replication mechanism of the parent phage in a polA mutant or that of the parent plasmid in a rep mutant. Several interesting interactions between the two replication modes are indicated. In particular, phage particles may be produced even when the phage mode of DNA replication is blocked, and this throws new light on the involvement of the early gene A in the regulation of late gene expression in phage P2
Guyruita Fukushima & Bertani, 2018, n. sp.
No full textKey to Guyruita species Males (male of G. waikoshiemi unknown) 1. Abdomen with very conspicuous black stripe or spot (Figs 7−8)................................................. 2 - Abdomen with faded greyish stripe or homogeneously colored (Figs 9 −10)....................................... 3 2. Abdomen with central longitudinal black stripe connected with well-defined lateral stripes (Figs 5, 8), embolus less than 2.5 times tegulum length in retrolateral view (Fig. 14), tibial apophysis ventro-median (Fig. 18)................... G. cerrado - Abdomen with irregular large black spot on central area (Figs 1, 7), embolus more than 3 times longer than tegulum in retrolat- eral view (Fig. 22), tibial apophysis slightly ventro-retrolaterally positioned (Fig. 23)...................... G. isae n. sp. 3. Abdomen without spots or stripes (Figs 4, 10), embolus more than 3 times length of tegulum in retrolateral view (Fig. 12), lobes of tibial apophysis slightly curved (Fig. 15)................................................... G. atlantica - Abdomen with faded greyish stripe (Figs 3, 9), embolus less than twice as long as tegulum in retrolateral view (Fig. 31), retrolateral lobe of tibial apophysis very curved (Fig. 32)............................................ G. giupponii n. sp. Females (female of G. giupponii n. sp. unknown) 1. Spermathecae with two clusters of lobes (apical and ventro-subapical) (Fig. 41); tibia I incrassate (Fig. 40); Venezuela and extreme northern Brazil...................................................................... G. waikoshiemi - Spermathecae with lobes on edge; tibia I not incrassate; Brazil.................................................. 2 2. Abdomen with very conspicuous black spot or stripe (Figs 2, 6)................................................. 3 - Abdomen without any spot or stripe............................................................... G. atlantica 3. Abdomen with central longitudinal black stripe joined to well-defined lateral stripes (Fig. 6); found in cerrado areas (Fig. 39).............................................................................................. G. cerrado - Abdomen with irregular longitudinal large black spot on central area (Fig. 2); found in forested areas (Fig. 39)... G. isae n. sp.Published as part of Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & Bertani, Rogério, 2018, Two new species of Guyruita Guadanucci et al., 2007 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Brazil, pp. 395-408 in Zootaxa 4370 (4) on pages 396-397, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/114646
Yanomamius Bertani & Almeida 2021, n. gen.
No full textYanomamius n. gen. (Figs 1 – 50) Holothele Karsch, 1879: 544 (in part, H. waikoshiemi Bertani & Araújo, 2006, holotype female deposited at UCV, examined). Guyruita Guadanucci, Lucas, Indicatti & Yamamoto, 2007: 992 (in part, G. waikoshiemi (Bertani & Araújo, 2006)); World Spider Catalog, 2020. Type species. Yanomamius franciscoi n. sp. Diagnosis. Males of Yanomamius n. gen. resemble those of Schismatothele and Euthycaelus by having several short spines closely positioned at the distal retrolateral palp tibia (Figs 13, 33, 48). They differ by the embolus tapering to its tip (Figs 7–9, 27–29, 42–44) and by the spines in the distal retrolateral palp tibia disposed in a group, instead of in one (Schismatothele) or two (Euthycaelus) rows. Females differ from all other schismatotheline genera by the incrassate tibia I in adults (Fig. 17). Etymology. The generic name is a homage to the Yanomami Indians. The distribution of the species of the genus on the Guiana Shield largely overlaps the territory of the Yanomamis. Furthermore, the first known species was found in a study on the food resources used by Yanomamis and Yekuanas. The genus is masculine in gender. Description. Carapace longer than wide, caput raised, cephalic and thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea procurved (females) or slightly procurved (males). Clypeus short (females) or absent (males). Eight eyes arranged on tubercle, anterior eye row straight, posterior slightly recurved. Intercheliceral intumescence absent. Rastellum absent. Labium: rectangular with 141–401 cuspules (females), 423–728 cuspules (male). Labiosternal groove shallow, flat, with pair of sigilla. Maxillae: 153–198 cuspules (females), 167–272 cuspules (males) on upper mound in inner angle. Heel distinct. Anterior lobe distinct, short. Lyra absent. Short, black, spiniform setae on parts of palp and legs trochanters, maxillae and coxae of females. Sternum: Three pairs of sigilla, ovals, all ca. one diameter from margin. Book lung combs absent. Urticating setae absent. Legs: formula IV-I-II-III (males), I=IV-II-III or I-IV-II-III (females). Preening combs absent. Clavate trichobothria in two rows. Claws: ITC absent. STC bare on all legs (females), or with two very small teeth on all or only on the III-IV legs (males); 1 bare claw on female palp. Tarsi II–IV, III–IV with medial ventral weakness (cracked) (males) or integral (females). Scopulae of tarsi III–IV of males and females and palp of females divided by broad band of setae. Spinnerets: Apical segment of PLS digitiform. Male tibial apophysis with two processes, a small protuberance or a series of ridges behind the retrolateral process. Male palp tibia with distal 16–28 spines on retrolateral aspect, in a compact group. Metatarsus I narrow, pallid, weakly sclerotized, when folded it touches the retrolateral process tip (Y. neblina n. sp.), or passes without touching it (other species). Tibia I of adult females incrassate. Male palp: bulb pyriform, embolus thick, short or slightly elongate with two parallel prolateral keels in all species and an additional ventral keel in Y. neblina n. sp. Cymbium triangular in retrolateral view, with short incision. Spermathecae: two, each weakly sclerotized, with distal constriction, apical well sclerotized cluster of lobules and a well sclerotized subdistal or median lobule or cluster of lobules. Distribution. Brazil and Venezuela (Fig. 50). Key for species of Yanomamius n. gen. (Male of Y. waikoshiemi is unknown)Published as part of Bertani, Rogério & Almeida, Marlus Queiroz, 2021, Yanomamius n. gen., a new genus of tarantula from Brazilian and Venezuelan Amazon (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with description of three new species, pp. 324-340 in Zootaxa 4933 (3) on pages 325-328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/455492
Lasiodora camurujipe Bertani 2023, n. sp.
No full text<i>Lasiodora camurujipe</i> n. sp. <p>(Figs 10, 16 ─18, 203─224)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Lasiodora camurujipe</i> <b>n. sp.</b> males and females resemble those of <i>L. subcanens</i>, <i>L. sertaneja</i> <b>n. sp.</b> (part) and <i>L. klugi</i> (part) by having spiniform setae not limited to the upper area of retrolateral maxilla (Figs 209 ─210). They can be distinguished from those of <i>L. klugi</i> (part) and <i>L. sertaneja</i> <b>n. sp.</b> (part) by having the distal maxilla covered with several spiniform setae on most of its upper, median and lower areas, whereas in these two species normally, there are only a few spiniform setae on the median and lower areas. From <i>L. subcanens,</i> they differ by the retrolateral distal maxilla covered with several well developed spiniform setae (Figs 209 ─210) and by lacking the abundant whitish setae covering most of the carapace, dorsal chelicerae and legs that <i>L. subcanens</i> have (Figs 219 -222).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet refers to the type locality, the Camurujipe farm, a RPPN (Private Natural Heritage Reserve), in the Municipality of Mata de São João, State of Bahia, Brazil, where the types were collected.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype male (MZUSP 78870) and paratype female (MZUSP 78871) from Brazil, state of Bahia, Mata de São João, RPPN Camurujipe, Malhadas [12°31 S, 38°02’W], R. Bertani, C. S. Fukushima & R. H. Nagahama, 4 October 2007, inside burrows between <i>Ficus</i> tree roots, at night.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> BRAZIL: <i>Bahia</i>: without locality, 1 female, Centro Controle de Zoonoses da Prefeitura de São Paulo, 26 March 2003, ref. 90660 (IBSP 10461); Camaçari [12°41’S, 38°19’W], 1 male, Samsuy Nordeste S/A, 3 March 1986, ref. 50897 (IBSP 2658C); Mata de São João, RPPN Camurujipe, Malhadas [12°31 S, 38°02’W], 1 male, R. Bertani, C. S. Fukushima & R. H. Nagahama, 4 October 2007, inside burrows between <i>Ficus</i> tree roots, at night (BA1357) (MNRJ 7764); 1 male, same collectors and date (BA 1297) (MNRJ 7765); Salvador, Alphaville [12°54’S, 38°22’W], 1 female, G. G. Montingelli, 11–29 November 2001 (IBSP 9800); 1 female, same collector and date (IBSP 9799); 1 immature male, same collector and date (IBSP 9801); São Sebastião do Passé [12°30’S, 38°29’W], 1 male, V. M. C. Dube, ref. 42901 (IBSP 6367).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Male (MZUSP 78870). Carapace 27.24 long, 27.46 wide, chelicera 13.34. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 26.05, 13.31, 21.03, 21.50, 11.43, 93.32. II: 23.92, 12.37, 20.28, 20.06, 10.22, 86.85. III: 22.01, 11.17, 17.91, 21.50, 10.58, 83.17. IV: 25.20, 11.44, 22.12, 28.65, 11.35, 98.76. Palp: 16.62, 9.21, 13.54, –, 6.25, 45.62. Midwidths: femora I–IV = 5.43, 5.72, 6.96, 5.47, palp = 3.89; patellae I–IV = 5.68, 5.51, 5.68, 5.20, palp = 4.30; tibiae I–IV = 4.39, 4.02, 4.13, 3.91, palp = 4.20; metatarsi I–IV = 2.57, 2.58, 2.91, 2.70; tarsi I–IV = 2.65, 2.76, 2.67, 2.47, palp = 3.64. Abdomen 27.57 long, 18.03 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.99 long, 1.18 wide, 1.54 apart; PLS, 4.48 basal, 3.31 middle, 4.71 distal; midwidths 1.65, 1.61, 1.12, respectively. Carapace: 0.99 longer than wide; cephalic area moderately raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea: 5.59 wide. Eyes and eye tubercle: Tubercle 1.04 high, 2.73 long, 3.81 wide. Clypeus 0.45 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.82, ALE 0.96, PME 0.56, PLE 0.95, AME–AME 0.76, AME–ALE 0.67, AME–PME 0.17, ALE–ALE 2.46, ALE–PME 0.58, PME–PME 1.92, PME–PLE 0.13, PLE–PLE 2.79, ALE–PLE 0.43, AME–PLE 0.72. Eye group 3.82 wide, 1.95 long. Maxilla: Length 8.76, width 5.12. Cuspules: 240 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 3.97 long, 4.40 wide, with 174 cuspules spaced by <i>ca.</i> one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Chelicera. basal segment with 11 teeth in row on promargin and denticles in basal area. Sternum: 12.05 long, 11.46 wide.</p> <p> Legs: leg formula: I = IV II III. Length leg IV to I: 1.06. Stridulatory apparatus: Retrolateral maxilla: small to large spiniform setae on the distal upper, middle and lower areas, interspersed with some plumose setae (Figs 209 ─210). Leg I prolateral coxa: confluence of sutures region with <i>ca.</i> 14 brownish, elongated, somewhat spatulated stridulatory setae and several smaller ones (Figs 211─212). Region above sutures with plumose setae and some curved spininiform setae. Region below sutures covered with plumose setae having no incrassate base (Fig. 213). Coxa I retrolateral face covered with plumose setae and a series of small spiniform setae on the upper and middle basal region. Coxae II─IV lacking small spiniform setae on retrolateral face. Coxa II prolateral face with same apparatus as in leg I, in legs III and IV the stridulatory setae are very slender. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I fully scopulated; II 3/4; III 1/2; IV 1/4 distal. Metatarsus IV divided by row of 2─3 setae. Spination: palp: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v1-0-0, p2-3-1; leg I: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v1-0-1ap, metatarsus v0-0-1ap; leg II: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-2-4(3ap), p0-1-1, metatarsus v1-0-2ap, p0-1-1; leg III: femur r0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-1-3ap, p1-1-1, r1-1-0, metatarsus v0-2-(4ap), p1-2-1, r0-0-1; leg IV: femur r0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-2- 5(3ap), p1-1-1, r1-1-1, metatarsus v21(4ap), p1-2-1, r0-0-1.</p> <p>Urticating setae: Position, type and length range: MA, I, 0.35─0.39; LA, I, 0.27─0.36; MM, III, 0.74─0.78; LM, MP and LP not seen as the areas are bald.</p> <p>Palp (Figs 203 –205). Bulb pyriform, embolus slightly longer than tegulum length, slightly flattened laterally at distal region, apex short and thick. Prolateral keels present. PS forming embolus edge distally. A short. R sharp, with a series of denticles on its edge. SA well developed. Bifid tibial spur (Figs 206─207) with processes originating from common base, both straight, retrolateral longest and with a curvature at its distal portion. A single, flattened, rhomboidal spine contiguous to the internal upper face of retrolateral process, and three such spines at the internal face of prolateral process. Metatarsus I curved at its basal third, when folded touches apex of retrolateral process.</p> <p>Color pattern (in alcohol). Carapace black bordered with dense layer of light salmon colored setae, chelicerae black covered with light salmon colored setae. Legs black, except for coxae, trochanter and basal part of femora, dorsally covered with light salmon colored setae. Longer setae on dorsal legs light brown. Coxae of legs ventrally and sternum reddish brown, covered with short dark brown setae and longer scattered brown setae. Legs ventrally dark brown. Labium and maxillae reddish brown. Abdomen dorsally black, and ventrally dark brown with abundant long light brown or slightly reddish setae. Femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi of legs and palp with very discrete light stripes. Apex of leg segments with very discrete whitish rings on apex.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Female (MZUSP 78871). Carapace 26.55 long, 25.40 wide, chelicera 16.14. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 20.45, 11.74, 16.75, 14.27, 8.50, 71.71. II: 18.52, 11.06, 14.33, 13.38, 7.81, 65.10. III: 17.13, 9.83, 12.55, 14.52, 8.65, 62.68. IV: 19.99, 10.67, 16.22, 19.45, 8.57, 74.90. Palp: 14.68, 8.49, 11.29, –, 9.49, 43.95. Midwidths: femora I–IV = 4.83, 4.97, 5.44, 5.35, palp = 3.34; patellae I–IV = 4.86, 4.82, 4.84, 4.74, palp = 4.03; tibiae I–IV = 4.01, 3.86, 4.03, 4.06, palp = 3.54; metatarsi I–IV = 2.85, 2.72, 2.66, 2.56; tarsi I–IV = 3.05, 2.94, 3.17, 2.93, palp = 2.99. Abdomen 34.12 long, 25.88 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.97 long, 1.52 wide, 2.97 apart; PLS, 4.57 basal, 3.13 middle, 4.80 distal; midwidths 2.10, 1.79, 1.34, respectively. Carapace: 1.04 longer than wide; cephalic area noticeably raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea: 5.87 wide. Eyes and eye tubercle: Tubercle 0.97 high, 3.00 long, 3.83 wide. Clypeus 1.10 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.71, ALE 0.95, PME 0.58, PLE 0.85, AME–AME 0.78, AME–ALE 0.40, AME–PME 0.24, ALE–ALE 2.41, ALE–PME 0.53, PME–PME 2.00, PME–PLE 0.11, PLE–PLE 2.73, ALE–PLE 0.37, AME–PLE 0.76. Eye group 3.73 wide, 1.90 long. Maxillae: Length 8.37, width 5.71. Cuspules: 403 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium 4.07 long, 4.99 wide, with 254 cuspules spaced by <i>ca.</i> one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth in row on promargin and denticles in basal area. Sternum: 11.73 long, 10.20 wide.</p> <p> Legs: formula: I = IV II III. Length leg IV to I: 1.04. Stridulatory apparatus: Retrolateral maxilla: small to large spiniform setae on the distal upper, middle and lower areas, interspersed with some plumose setae (Figs 214 ─215). Leg I prolateral coxa: confluence of sutures region with <i>ca.</i> 10 brownish, elongated, spatulated stridulatory setae and several short ones (Figs 216─217). Region above sutures with plumose setae and some curved spiniform setae. Region below sutures covered with plumose setae having slightly incrassate base (Fig. 218). Coxa I retrolateral face covered with plumose setae and a series of small spiniform setae on upper and middle basal region. Coxae II ─ IV lacking small spiniform setae on retrolateral face. Coxa II prolateral face with same apparatus as in leg I, in legs III and IV the stridulatory setae are very slender. Scopula: Tarsi I – IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I –II fully scopulated; III 1 /2, IV 1 /4 distal. Metatarsus IV divided by a row of 4─5 setae. Spination: palp: femur p0-0-1ap, patella 0, tibia v1-2-4(3ap), p1-1-1, r0-1-1; leg I: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-0-2ap, metatarsus v0-0-1ap; leg II: femur p0-0- 1, patella 0, tibia v0-1-3ap, p0-1-1, metatarsus v1-0-3ap; leg III: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v0-3-2ap, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, metatarsus v0-3-6ap, p1-2-1, r0-1-1; leg IV: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v0-2-3(2ap), p0-1-1ap, r0-1-1, metatarsus v21(5ap), p0-1-1, r0-1-1. Urticating setae: Position, type and length range: MA, I, 0.36─0.39; LA, I, 0.34─0.37; MM, I, 0.45─0.47; LM, I, 0.38─0.39; MP, I, 0.69─0.72, III, 0.67─0.73; LP, I, 0.41─0.45. In MP region, almost all setae are intermediates between types I and III (Bertani & Guadanucci 2013).</p> <p>Spermathecae (Fig. 208): Two very short spermathecae separated by heavily sclerotized short area, spermathecal stalk slightly narrower than spermathecal bulb.</p> <p>Color pattern (in alcohol): As in male, except: chelicerae lacking light salmon colored setae; carapace bordered with narrow band of light salmon colored setae; legs entirely black dorsally, except for coxae having light salmon colored setae; apex of femora of legs and palp with narrow whitish rings, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with discrete whitish rings.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Brazil, state of Bahia, endemic to the region from Salvador to Mata de São João municipalities (Figs 223 ─224).</p> <p> <b>Natural history.</b> The types and additional specimens were collected in the RPPN Camurujipe at night. The area is covered with Brazilian Atlantic Forest. All them were inside the spaces between <i>Ficus</i> tree roots. None were found under fallen logs or rocks, as well as inside burrows on ravines. As with <i>L. klugi</i> (see above), <i>Ficus</i> trees seem to be an important element for the spiders of this species, providing retreats.</p> <p> The area of distribution of. <i>L. camurujipe</i> <b>n. sp.</b> is roughly the same as those of other theraphosid species, such as <i>Typhochlaena seladonia</i> C. L. Koch, 1841, <i>Iridopelma zorodes</i> (Mello-Leitão, 1926), <i>Pachistopelma bromelicola</i> Bertani, 2012 (Bertani, 2012) and <i>Vitalius sapiranga</i> Bertani, 2023. It is concerning that this area of endemism is suffering an accelerated process of anthropization. Conservation areas on this biodiversity rich region should be created to protect this fauna (pers. obs.).</p>Published as part of <i>Bertani, Rogério, 2023, Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Lasiodora C. L. Koch, 1850 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) with notes on related genera, pp. 1-116 in Zootaxa 5390 (1)</i> on pages 78-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5390.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10434516">http://zenodo.org/record/10434516</a>
Il valore dell'esperienza universitaria nelle parole degli studenti
No full textIl volume inquadra il futuro delle università a partire dall’esperienza vissuta dagli studenti universitari durante l’emergenza Covid-19 e attraverso l’analisi di dati e riflessioni per individuare la miglior strategia per riconoscere e rendere proficuo il cambiamento occorso negli ultimi anni
Analisis Perbandingan Perolehan Laba Bertani Tembakau dengan Bertani Sayur di Desa Pemaron, Kecamatan Buleleng, Kabupaten Buleleng Tahun 2013
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) perbandingan biaya produksi bertani tembakau dan bertani sayur (2) perbandingan pendapatan bertani tembakau dan bertani sayur, dan (3) perbandingan perolehan laba atau rugi bertani tembakau dan bertani sayur di Desa Pemaron. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah petani tembakau dan petani sayur di Desa Pemaron tahun 2013. Objek penelitian ini adalah biaya produksi, pendapatan, dan laba atau rugi bertani tembakau dengan bertani sayur. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode dokumentasi dan wawancara. Dianalisis dengan analisis deskriftif kuantitatif dengan menghitung perbandingan biaya produksi, pendapatan, dan laba atau rugi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Perbandingan biaya produksi bertani tembakau dan bertani sayur di Desa Pemaron tahun 2013 sebesar Rp 37.638.000,00. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari biaya produksi bertani tembakau sebesar Rp 46.447.000,00 per hektar, sedangkan biaya produksi bertani sayur sebesar Rp 8.809.000,00 per hektar. (2) Perbandingan Pendapatan bertani tembakau dan bertani sayur di Desa Pemaron tahun 2013 sebesar Rp 35.000.000,00. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari pendapatan bertani tembakau Rp 53.000.000,00 per hektar, sedangkan pendapatan bertani sayur Rp 18.000.000,00 per hektar. (3) Perbandingan Laba bertani tembakau dan bertani sayur di Desa Pemaron tahun 2013 sebesar Rp 2.658.000,00. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari laba bertani tembakau Rp 6.533.000,00 per hektar, sedangkan laba bertani sayur Rp 9.191.000,00 per hektar.Kata Kunci : Biaya produksi, pendapatan, dan perolehan laba. The aims of this research are (1) to know the comparison of cost production between tobacco farmer and vegetables farmer (2) comparison of income acquisition between tobacco farmer and vegetables farmer and (3) comparison of profit or loss acquisition between tobacco farmer and vegetables farmer at Pemaron village. This research is a descriptive quantitative research. The subjects on this research were the tobacco farmers and vegetables farmers at Pemaron village, in the year 2013. The objects of this research were : cost production, income acquisition and profit or loss acquisition between tobacco farmers and vegetables farmers. The methods that were being used to collect the data were : documentation method and interview method. The analiyzd will be descriptive quantitative analyzed by counting the comparison of cost production, income acquisition and profit or loss acquisition. The results of the reaserch showed that (1) the comparison of cost production between tobacco farmer and vegetables farmer at Pemaron village, in the year 2013 was Rp 37.638.000,00. This can seen from the cost production of tobacco farmer was Rp 46.447.000,00 per hectare while the cost production of vegetables farmers was Rp 8.809.000,00 per hectare. (2) comparison income acquisition between tobacco farmer and vegetables farmer at Pemaron village in the year 2013 was Rp 35.000.000,00. This can be seen from the income acquisition of tobacco farmer was Rp 53.000.000,00 per hectare while the income acquisition of vegetables farmer was Rp 18.000.000,00 per hectare. (3) comparison of profit acquisition between tobacco farmer an vegetables farmer at Pemaron village in the year 2013 was Rp 2.658.000,00. This can be seen from the profit acquisition of tobacco farmer was Rp 6.533.000,00 per hectare while the profit acqisition of vegetables farmer was Rp 9.191.000,00 per hectare.
keyword : cost production, income acquisition, and profit acquisition.
keyword : cost production, income acquisition, and profit acquisition
Stenoterommata crassimana Bertani & Mori & Fukushima 2017, n. comb.
No full textStenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. Figs 1 ̄30 Psalistops crassimanu Mello-Leitão, 1923a: 121; 1923b: 4. Psalistops crassimanus: Roewer, 1942: 222. Diagnosis. Males resemble those of S. platense, S. iguazu, S. tenuistyla and S. palmar by having very slender and long apical portion of embolus and differ by having a strong embolus curvature close to its apex (Figs 19 ̄21). Females resemble those of S. crassistyla, S. pavesii, S. leticiae, S. pescador by having spermathecae with single lobe bearing receptacles and differ by having spermathecae with an elongate lobe bearing two receptacles (Figs 11 ̄14). Type material. Syntypes male and female, H. Luederwaldt col., Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil, should be deposited at MZUSP, not located. Material examined. Alcatrazes island (24°05’S, 45°41’W) 1 female, R. Bertani, August 17 ̄19 2005, IA 308 (MZUSP 71800); 1 male, October 26 2011, bromeliad, R. Bertani (MZUSP 71806). Additional material examined. BRAZIL, São Paulo, Alcatrazes Archipelago, Alcatrazes Island (24°05’S, 45°41’W): 1 male, R. Bertani, August 17 ¯19 2005 (MZUSP 71801); 1 male, R. Martins, November 22 ¯24 2005 (MZUSP 71802); 1 female, 2 imm., R. Bertani, October 25 2011 (MZUSP 71803); 1 male, R. Bertani et al. (pit-fall trap), October 25 ¯27 2011 (MZUSP 71804); 1 male, 2 females, October 26 2011, R. Bertani (MZUSP 71805); 1 female, October 26 2011, G. Ayroza (MZUSP 71807); 1 imm., October 27 2011, G. Ayroza (MZUSP 71808); Pico do Oratório, 1 imm., S. Migliore, May 6 ¯9 2014, S3, CAN (MZUSP 71809); Queimada Grande Island (24°29’S, 46°40’W), 1 female, R. Bertani, March 1995 (MZUSP 71810); 1 female, R. Bertani, December 5 1995 (MZUSP 71811); Queimada Pequena Island (24°22’S, 46°48’W), 1 female, 1 male, 3 imm., C. S. Fukushima & R. H. Nagahama, February 28 –March 1 2007 (MZUSP 71812). Redescription. Female. MZUSP 71800 (Figs 6 ̄11). Carapace 7.7 long, 5.19 wide. Abdomen 6.65 long, 4.28 wide. Total length 14.35. Carapace: Surface smooth, with sparse setae, especially around margins, anterior striae and behind eye group. Thoracic striae faint, shallow and narrow. Fovea short, procurved. Clypeus 0.10. Eight eyes arranged on tubercle 0.35 high, 1.24 wide, 0.81 long. MOQ 0.81 wide, 0.60 long. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. AME 0.32, ALE 0.43, PME 0.23, PLE 0.29. Eye interspaces: AME-AME 0.13, AME-ALE 0.06, ALE-ALE 0.63, PME-PLE 0.03, PME-PME 0.85, ALE-PLE 0.03. Chelicerae: 3.30 long, fine setae sparse on retrolateral side, denser patch of setae prodorsally, with eight thick teeth. Fangs light brown at base, darkening distally to blackish brown hue. Rastellum weak, distal edge with thickened setae. Labium (Fig. 8): 0.67 long, 1.36 wide with dense patch of fine setae anteriorly, and fine setae sparsely distributed medially. Cuspules absent. Labiosternal groove shallow, flat, with pair of sigilla. Maxillae: 2.13 long in front, 2.64 long behind, 1.51 wide, with 127 cuspules on upper mound in inner angle. Heel rounded. Anterior lobe weak. Fine setae throughout the surface, without dense patches. Lyra absent. Sternum: 3.64 long, 3.12 wide. Fine setae over surface, without dense patches. Three pairs of sigilla, rounded, first pair close to coxa I, second pair close to coxa II, and third pair close to coxa III. All sigilla one diameter from margin. Book lungs semi-circular, with elliptical aperture; booklung combs absent. Legs: formula IV, I, II, III. Spines: leg I: fe p0-0-1, pa 0, ti v0-0-1ap, p0-1-0, me v1 -0-1, ta 0; leg II: fe p0-0-1, pa 0, ti v1-2 -4(ap), p1-1-0, me v1-2 -2ap, ta 0; leg III fe d0-0-1, pa p1-1-1 r0-1-0, ti p1-1-0 r1-1-0 d0-1-0 v0-1-2ap, me p1-1-1 r1-1-1 d1-1-1 v2-2 -3ap, ta 0; leg IV fe r0-0-1, pa r0-1-0, ti r0-1-1 p0-1-0 v0-0-1ap, me p1-1-1 d1-1-1 v2- 2 -3ap; palp: fe p0-0-1, pa p0-0-1, ti p1-1-0 v1-2 -4ap, ta 0. Preening combs on metatarsi III (Fig. 10) and IV. Claws: STC on legs ĪIII with 4 teeth in each row and IV with 6 teeth in each row. ITC on leg IV, minute. Palp claw with 5 teeth. Scopulae: undivided on tarsi of palp and legs I and II, divided by thin setae on legs III and IV. Spermathecae: two, each with round base and two receptacles branching from them (Fig. 11). Spinnerets (Fig. 9): PMS 0.80 long, 0.39 wide. Basal, middle, and apical segments of PLS, 1.69 long, 0.84 wide; 1.08 long, 0.70 wide; 0.33 long, 0.41 wide, respectively. Apical segment short, triangular. All segments covered by fine setae. Color pattern (Fig. 26): Chelicerae dark brown, carapace and legs orange brown, abdomen dorsally bicolored, bearing brown areas mixed with pale areas, both scattered irregularly; ventrally bicolored, mostly pale with fewer brown spots. Male. MZUSP 71806 (Figs 15 ̄21, 25). All characters as in females except: Intercheliceral tumescence present. Carapace 6.36 long, 4.39 wide. Abdomen 5.09 long, 2.69 wide. Total length 11.45. Eight eyes on tubercle 0.19 high, 1.08 wide, 0.82 long. Clypeus 0.07. MOQ 1.08 wide, 0.56 long. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior straight. AME 0.31, ALE 0.32, PME 0.26, PLE 0.26. Eye interspaces: AME-AME 0.11, AME-ALE 0.05, ALE- ALE 0.59, PME-PLE 0.02, PME-PME 0.49, ALE-PLE 0.07. Chelicerae 1.69 long. Labium: 0.70 long, 1.37 wide, with three cuspules. Maxillae (Fig. 17) 0.97 long in front, 1.19 long behind, 0.85 wide, with ca. 100 blunt cuspules on low mound in inner angle. Sternum: 3.67 long, 3.13 wide. Legs: formula IV, I, II, III. Spines: leg I: fe p0-0-2 r0-1-2, pa p0-0-1, ti p0-1-1 v3-2 -3 (1 retrolateral megaspine) ap (Fig. 21), me p1-0-1 r0-1-0 v1-2 -2ap, ta 0; leg II: fe p1-2-1 r0-1-2 pa p0-0-1, ti p0-1-1 v2-2 -2ap, me p2-0-1 r0- 1-0 v2-2 -2ap, ta 0; leg III fe p0-1-2 d2-1-1, pa p1-1-1 r0-1-1, ti p0-1-1 r0-1-1 d0-0-1 v2-2 -3(2 ap), me p2-1-1 r1-1- 1 d1-1-0 v2-2 -3ap, ta 0; leg IV fe p1-1-1 d1-0-0, r 0-1-1, pa p0-1-1 r0-1-0, ti p2-0-1 r1-0-1 v2-2 -3ap, me r0-1-0 d1- 1-1 v2-1 -4(3ap); palp: fe p0-0-1, pa 0, ti p0-0-1 r1-1-1, ta 0. Preening combs with 3 slender setae on metatarsi III and IV. Claws: STC with 6 teeth in each row on legs IĪII. STC missing on leg IV. All tarsi flexible. Scopulae of tarsus III entire. Palp (Figs 19 ̄20): bulb piriform with duct tapering. Embolus short, sinuous, with hook-like apical portion. Nine parallel keels on prolateral face of bulb and nine on retrolateral face; two thicker, with fine membranes. Spinnerets (Fig. 18): PMS 0.6 long, 0.28 wide. Basal, middle, and apical segments of PLS 1.27 long, 0.60 wide; 0.80 long, 0.47 wide; 0.30 long, 0.32 wide, respectively. Note. STC of specimen MZUSP 71804 were examined for leg IV and they have 6 teeth in each row. Distribution. Known from three islands on the coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil: Alcatrazes, Queimada Grande and Queimada Pequena (Figs 1 ̄5). Discussion. Mello-Leitão (1923) described a male and female of Psalistops crassimanus (Barychelidae, Trichopelmatinae) based on specimens collected by Luederwaldt and Fonseca during the expedition to the Alcatrazes Archipelago in 1920 (Luederwaldt & Fonseca 1923). The types, which should be deposited at the MZUSP, were not found and are, herein, considered lost. More recent expeditions to the Alcatrazes Archipelago as well as to the Queimada Grande and Queimada Pequena islands resulted in a better knowledge of their invertebrate faunas, mainly of spiders, which were collected more intensively. Thus, the mygalomoph fauna is now better known on these islands. Alcatrazes island has (unpublished records in prep.) five mygalomorph species, two theraphosids, an idiopid, a barychelid and a nemesiid. The two theraphosid species and the idiopid do not fit the P. crassimanus description in some aspects, such as the two branched spur on tibia I in theraphosid males and the distinct eye arrangement in Idiops Perty, 1833, with two eyes on the carapace edge. The single specimen of barychelid collected is an immature sasonine male. However, this specimen has a very conspicuous color pattern, black carapace bordered with golden setae, dorsal abdomen mottled with black and golden setae and legs with black femora dorsally; patellae, tibiae, and metatarsi covered with golden setae with black broad rings. This pattern is distinct from the somewhat homogeneous dark brown with brown setae present in P. crassimanus according to Mello-Leitão (1923a). The barychelid also has a row of three long conspicuous spines retrolaterally on tibiae ĪII and prolaterally on palpal tibia, which are not present on specimens of P. crassimanus according to the original description. Thus, the only other species from the island that could fit the P. crassimanus description is the nemesiid. The specimens collected at Alcatrazes island are compatible with the measurements given by Mello- Leitão (1923a); the color pattern is the same, the male has the tibia I slightly incrassated and bearing a slightly curved apical megaspine retrolaterally (Fig. 21). Furthermore, the nemesiid is common in Alcatrazes whereas the barychelid is very rare. The family Barychelidae was poorly diagnosed and understood at the time Mello-Leitão published his work (1923a), and some genera presently recognized as belonging to Nemesiidae were included in that familiy by this author, e. g., Diplothelopsis Tullgren, 1905 (Mello-Leitão 1923a), Androthelopsis Mello-Leitão, 1934 (now Pycnothele Chamberlin, 1917), and Psalistopoides Mello-Leitão, 1934. Therefore, it is perfectly possible that Mello-Leitão described a nemesiid in a barychelid genus. Natural history. In Alcatrazes, some specimens were found inside open burrows having the walls covered with silk. Wandering specimens, including male, female and immatures were found in April, August and October in the leaf litter. In Queimada Grande Island, the specimens of this species were hard to find. The two females were collected inside their retreats built between two large stones. The burrows are similar to those found in Alcatrazes. In Queimada Pequena Island, they were found under rocks or wandering during the night.Published as part of Bertani, Rogério, Mori, André & Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, 2017, Spiders of the São Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae), pp. 237-248 in Zootaxa 4363 (2) on pages 240-247, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/109872
Guyruita giupponii Fukushima & Bertani 2018, n. sp.
No full textGuyruita giupponii n. sp. (Figs 3, 9, 30−34, 36, 39) Diagnosis. Males resembles those of G. atlantica in that the abdomen lacks a conspicuous black spot or stripe. They can be distinguished from those of G. atlantica by the abdomen having a faded grey stripe (Fig. 9), a short embolus less than twice the tegulum length, in retrolateral view (Fig. 31), the tibial apophysis with retrolateral lobe very curved (Fig. 32) and metatarsus I touching apex of prolateral, shorter lobe of tibial apophysis when folded. Females are unknown. Etymology. The species is named named after arachnologist Alessandro Giupponi, for his friendship and help in many collecting expeditions, and for collecting and making important theraphosid specimens available for this study. Material examined. Brazil: Espírito Santo: Holotype male, Sooretama, Reserva Biológica de Sooretama (18o59’S, 40o07’W), Equipe Arachne, 21 April 2006, ref. 960 (MNRJ 6969); male paratype, 20 April 2006, ref. 959, (MNRJ 6970). Male. MNRJ 6969. Carapace: 6.31 long, 5.40 wide. Chelicerae 2.04 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 6.28, 3.72, 4.72, 3.66, 3.08, 21.46, II: 5.13, 2.82, 3.69, 3.00, 2.59, 17.23. III: 4.34, 2.30, 3.09, 3.44, 2.55, 15.72. IV: 6.17, 2.74, 4.76, 5.10, 3.07, 21.84. Palp: 3.66, 1.68, 2.73, –, 1.61, 9.68. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 0.97, 0.87, 1.34, 1.02, palp= 0.86; patellae I–IV= 1.02, 0.94, 0.95, 0.97, palp= 0.80; tibiae I–IV= 0.79, 0.80, 0.85, 0.73, palp= 0.80; metatarsi I–IV= 0.67, 0.66, 0.55, 0.54; tarsi I–IV= 0.62, 0.62, 0.53, 0.56, palp= 0.82. Abdomen: 6.39 long, 3.77 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.01 long, 0.27 wide, 0.46 apart; PLS, 1.43 basal, 1.20 middle, 1.63 distal; midwidths 0.50, 0.42, 0.38, respectively. Carapace: 1.16 times longer than wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: Straight, deep, 0.55 wide. Clypeus 0.21. Eyes: Tubercle 0.65 high, 0.61 long, 1.16 wide. Anterior row slightly procurved. Posterior row straight. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.31, ALE 0.33, PME 0.22, PLE 0.26, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.09, AME–PME 0.08, ALE–ALE 0.72, ALE–PME 0.20, PME–PME 0.59, PME– PLE 0.03, PLE–PLE 0.96, ALE–PLE 0.07, AME–PLE 0.21. Maxillae: 1.38 longer than wide; ca. 133 cuspules over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.77 long, 1.18 wide, with ca. 181 cuspules on anterior half, each separated by one diameter. Labio-sternal groove large, shallow, flattened; sigilla large. Chelicerae: Basal segment with 9 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 2.91 long, 2.79 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, anterior and median rounded, one diameter from margin; posterior large, fusiform, one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: IV=I, II, III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.0. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 of tarsi I–IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, III–IV divided by narrow band of setae. Metatarsi I–II for distal 1/2; III for distal 1/3; IV, for distal 1/ 4. III–IV divided by band of setae. ITC absent. Spines: Leg I: Fe p0-0-1; Pa 0; Ti 0; Me v0-0-1ap; Leg II: Fe 0; Pa 0; Ti v0-0-2ap; Me v0-0-1ap; Leg III Fe 0; Pa p1; Ti v0-0-2ap, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; Me v0-2-3ap, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; Leg IV Fe 0; Pa 0; Ti v0- 0-2ap, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; Me v1-2 -3ap, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; Palp: Fe p0-0-1, Pa 0, Ti v0-0-1. Palp (Figs 30−31): Globous bulb with small subtegulum. Embolus: long, not flattened, lacking keels, 0.85 long in retrolateral view, less than twice tegulum length. Thin distal width, tapering distally; basal, middle and distal widths 0.35, 0.11, 0.01, respectively. Tegulum: 0.46 long, 0.65 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium rectangular with subequal lobes, lacking well developed process on retrolateral lobe. Tibial apophysis (Figs 32−34): two lobes on prolateral leg I, with welldeveloped base, slightly ventro-retrolaterally positioned. Prolateral lobe shorter, with spine of same size as lobe on retrolateral face. Retrolateral lobe longer, curved inward, with small spine on apex of dorsal face. Metatarsus I straight, touches apex of prolateral, shorter lobe of tibial apophysis when folded. Color pattern (Fig. 3): carapace reddish brown with greyish setae. Coxae, labium, sternum, maxillae, and ventral femora brown. Legs and palps with greyish, short body setae with discrete golden sheen and greyish, long setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi absent. Abdomen dorsum with long, light brown setae uniformly distributed and short darker body setae forming faded irregular longitudinal spot in central area (Fig. 9). Abdomen venter light brown. Color pattern ontogeny. Unknown. Natural History. The Reserva Biológica de Sooretama is a conservation unit in the coastal Brazilian Atlantic forest in the north of state of Espírito Santo. This region, along with a south area of state of Bahia, is known as ‘Hiléia Baiana’ due to its resemblance to the Amazon Forest (Andrade-Lima 1966). The Hiléia has one of the most diverse and rich biotas on the planet, with high levels of endemism in many taxonomic groups (Pacheco et al. 1996; Thomas et al. 1998; Bertani & Fukushima 2009). The RESBIO Sooretama is a conservation area with the highest number of threatened or near-extinction faunal species in Brazil (Conselho Nacional da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica 2013). Distribution. Brazil, state of Espírito Santo (Fig. 39).Published as part of Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & Bertani, Rogério, 2018, Two new species of Guyruita Guadanucci et al., 2007 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Brazil, pp. 395-408 in Zootaxa 4370 (4) on pages 403-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/114646
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