324 research outputs found
The Multifunctional Role of the Chemokine System in Arthritogenic Processes
No full textTPURPOSE OF REVIEW:
The involvement of chemokines and their receptors in the genesis and perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, and osteoarthritis has been clearly recognized for a long time. Nevertheless, the complexity of their contribution to these diseases is now becoming evident and this review focuses on published evidence on their mechanism of action.
RECENT FINDINGS:
Studies performed on patients and in vivo models have identified a number of chemokine-mediated pathways involved in various aspects of arthritogenic processes. Chemokines promote leukocyte infiltration and activation, angiogenesis, osteoclast differentiation, and synoviocyte proliferation and activation and participate to the generation of pain by regulating the release of neurotransmitters. A number of chemokines are expressed in a timely controlled fashion in the joint during arthropathies, regulating all the aspects of inflammation as well as the equilibrium between damage and repair and between relief and pain. Thus, the targeting of specific chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions is considered a promising tool for therapeutic intervention
FRAGILE COUNTRIES AND THE 2008-2009 CRISIS.
No full textThis paper analyses the channels through which the economic and financial crisis of 2008-2009 is transmitted to fragile countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Trade stands out as the main direct channel, even though intra-Africa remittances play a relevant role, given that most migrants in Sub-Saharan Africa fragile countries cannot afford the cost of mi-grating to Europe or to the United States and stay close, remaining in the continent. Whether reduced aid flows also act as a crisis transmission channel remains an open question, even though preliminary estimates suggest that, at least in the medium run, OECD countries are likely to lower aid, with potentially very damaging effects on fragile countries. The paper also shows that fragile countries are characterised by very low re-silience and capacity to cope with shocks. It concludes, by highlighting how Sub-Saharan Africa fragile countries' policymakers' room for manoeuver is limited in periods of crisis because of low fiscal space and limited institutional capacity. It advocates that the right response to the crisis would be to mobilise domestic resources, although this will require functional institutions able to offset the potential trade-offs between adverse short-term shocks and a long-term perspective.financial crisis, Sub Saharan Africa, real transmission channels. JEL Classification F0 O1.
KLRG1+ NK Cells Include Two Distinct Populations Lined by CX3CR1 Expression
No full textBackground: Expression of chemotactic molecules in the bone marrow (BM)
microenvironment may deeply influence NK cell maturation by controlling their positioning
into specific niches. In the present study, we functionally characterized CX3CR1
expressing NK cell subsets.
Methods: CX3CR1 expression was assessed by FACS analysis and the functions of NK
cells by migration, IFN-gamma intracellular staining and citotoxicity assays.
Results: Using CX3CR1+/GFP mice, we showed that CX3CR1 is prevalently expressed
by the KLRG1+ NK cell subset that is considered a quiescent and terminally differentiated
NK cell population with reduced effector functions. Within KLRG1+ NK cells, CX3CR1+
cells evidenced reduced CXCR4 expression and function that was associated with
different positioning within BM as compared to the CX3CR1- NK cells. In addition,
CX3CR1+ NK cells displayed impaired capability to produce IFN-gamma and to lyse
YAC-1 target cells. By means of adoptive transfer experiments we observed that
CX3CR1 expression can be acquired by KLRG1+/CX3CR1- NK cells, while
KLRG1+/CX3CR1+ NK cells stably expressed CX3CR1. We also analyzed the role of
CX3CR1 during NK cell maturation, comparing NK cell tissue distribution in heterozygous
CX3CR1+/GFP and in CX3CR1-deficient CX3CR1GFP/GFP mice. We observed tissue
accumulation of GFP+ NK cells in CX3CR1GFP/GFP mice that was associated to anincreased number of BM NK cells during steady state and to a defective BM NK cell
mobilization during POLY I:C –induced inflammation.
Conclusions: All together, our findings show that CX3CR1 is a marker of a KLRG1+ NK
cell subset with impaired effector functions that can irreversibly differentiate from the
CX3CR1- cells under steady state conditions
Fabbisogni e costi standard, un'occasione perduta
No full textThe paper relates to the introduction of the standard requirement and cost concepts in health care financing system. The author, after a reconstruction of the evolution of health service financing in Italy, highlights the criticality of the system. Finally, the author examines the possibility that the standard requirement and cost concepts obtain a different meaning from the original
TADALAFIL IMPROVES HYPOXIA, STRUCTURAL DETRUSOR CHANGES AND BLADDER COMPLIANCE AFTER CAVERNOUS NERVE INJURY
No full textRediscovering the Ancient Display of the Museo Egizio’s “Statuario"
No full textThe article presents the rediscovery and analysis of important documents concerning the early history of the Museo Egizio in Turin, which are currently held in the State Archive in Turin. The study of these papers shed light on a crucial phase in the history of the museum, allowing the author to retrace features of the display of the statue gallery of the Museo Egizio in the 1850s
I nomi parlanti nel romanzo Il demone meschino di Fëdor Sologub
No full textThis study aims to demonstrate how the use of speaking names in F. Sologub’s
novel The Petty Demon (1907) enhances the text by establishing meaningful semantic connections. Through the strategic application of onomastics, the author introduces new layers of meaning that enrich the overall significance of the work. Several
notable examples will be presented to illustrate this point, including a speaking
name in the literal sense (Varvara), a name with predictive qualities (Volodin), and
a name linked to Russian folklore (the demon Nedotykomka)
European Sharing and Collaborative Cities: The Italian Way
No full textThe article analyses the issue of Sharing and Collaborative Cities from a primarily methodological perspective. Starting from statistical data that confirm the constant growth of the urban population, and taking into account the major issues that affect urban policies (environment, inequalities, poverty), the author focuses on the different methodological approaches in the study of collaborative cities. Subsequently, an Italian case study is presented, which involves shared administration and the main implementation tools involved (Regulation of the management and regeneration of urban commons, including collaboration agreements)
Soldati, sanzioni, i prati di Apamea e Cuiacio nel Commentarius di Gotofredo a C. Th. 7.7.3
No full textThis article, following Godefroy’s Commentarius on C. Th. 7.7.3, focuses on two different aspects of the constitution, issued by Arcadius in 398 for the purpose of prohibiting soldiers from feeding their animals in the public meadows of Apamea and in the private ones in Antioch, under penalty of a fine of twelve pounds of gold. In Code of Justinian 11.61.2, this constitution presents a slightly different text tradition. Firstly, the author analyses which type of responsibility (personal or collective) is imposed on soldiers. A quote by Godefroy from Cujas, who reports a misterious passage of the Basilica, is then put into examination
Le biblioteche di Carlo Emilio Gadda
No full textLa tesi si occupa della biblioteca di Carlo Emilio Gadda, fornendo: il catalogo completo dei libri posseduti dall'autore, e ora conservati in diversi fondi e le schede di analisi delle postille ai libri posseduti da Gadda e ora consultabili presso la Biblioteca Teatrale del Burcardo di Roma.This work focuses on Carlo Emilio Gadda's personal library and provides: the complete catalogue of all the books Gadda had, the tomes are now kept in several archives and the analysis of the notes left by the author on his books now kept by the Biblioteca Teatrale del Burcardoof Rome
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