1,721,269 research outputs found
<RESEARCH NOTES>Japanese Private Sector Banks, 1931–1945 : A Business Perspective
No full textThis essay reconsiders the part played by the largest private sector banks in the Japanese economy during the years between the Manchurian Incident (1931) and the end of the Pacific War (1945). In contrast to much of the previous writing on prewar and wartime finance, which places the emphasis on the importance of the state and public policy in directing the actions of the financial industry, this research note gives primacy to the actions the banks themselves took to obtain funds and to use those funds productively and profitably. Drawing on the accounts presented by the six biggest banks in the corporate histories they have published from time to time, I argue that private sector bankers concentrated on trying to build and maintain safe and sound business, and wanted an environment in which business could prosper. While they complied with changes in political conditions and regulations and even at times aggressively pursued new business related to military expansion and war, and while some bankers expressed strongly patriotic sentiments, a number of senior executives also voiced concerns that the economic controls introduced by the government after the outbreak of war in China in 1937 were against the interests of a healthy financial industry, and they lamented the progressive erosion of the discretionary credit decision-making powers of bank managers. By adapting to circumstance and acting opportunistically to make the best of a bad situation, private sector bankers abetted the war-making of the Japanese state
Introduction : Russian and Japanese Interpretations of Japanese Culture
No full text国立ロシア人文大学, モスクワ大学, 2007年10月31日-11月2
Informal Diplomacy in Meiji Japan : The Visits of General Grant and Crown Prince Nicholas Alexandrovich
No full text国立ロシア人文大学, モスクワ大学, 2007年10月31日-11月2
The Interaction of Bengali and Japanese Artistic Milieus in the First Half of the Twentieth Century (1901–1945) : Rabindranath Tagore, Arai Kanpō, and Nandalal Bose
No full textIn both India and Japan, the literature on twentieth-century art history has been elaborated within the framework of nation-building. Japan enjoyed independence during the first half of that century, while India endured colonial rule. However, the difference between polities did not prevent intellectuals from the two cultural spheres from engaging in intensive interactions. This essay focuses on Okakura Kakuzō (Tenshin), author of The Ideals of the East (1904), and the painters Yokoyama Taikan, Hishida Shunsō, and Arai Kanpō. Yokoyama and Hishida were invited to India through Okakura’s agency, and Yokoyama subsequently recommended Arai for an expedition to India. Exploring their deeds in this essay, the author seeks to shed new light on these figures’ relationships with Rabindranath Tagore, Abanindranath Tagore, and Nandalal Bose. Okakura and these Japanese painters provided technical and iconographic inspiration to Nandalal, and as they did so they were exposed to early twentieth-century India. Their engagement with modern India does not exclude ideological dimensions, and the author touches on those here, as well. Fitting into a project that has a reevaluation of Asian modernism as its ultimate objective, this essay locates these examples of mutual influence between Japan and Bengal within the larger context of Asian intellectual history in the first half of the twentieth century
Les Traces d’une blessure créatrice : Yagi Kazuo entre la tradition japonaise et l’avant-garde occidentale
No full textYagi Kazuo (1918–1979), an avant-gardrde master of clay work, made his reputation by liberating Japanese potteryry from its traditional constraints. Though he is regardrded as a genius in the world of ceramic artrt, his fame still seems to be confined in the categoryry of “heretic potter” (itan no tokoōkokoō); he is not yet fully recognized as an artrtist in the Western sense of the term. My intention here, however, is not to classify Yagi as one of the leading artrtists of the twentieth centuryry. Rather, it is to show that his clay workrk poses a fundamental question about the veryry notion of fine artrt. His workrk is, I believe, located at the extreme end of the boundaryry where the Western sculpture and Oriental potteryry meet. If modern sculpture expresses itself through the material which is shaped or molded accordrding to the will of its author, traditional potteryry contains a void in its heartrt and the material is accumulated around this void in the equilibrium between the centrifugal forcrce of the wheel and the aggregating nature of the sticky clay. Far from being a master of his own creation, the potter plays the role of mediator between the material and his own hand, and he has to submit the result to the final proof of the fire which is no less whimsical than mystical. Yagi struggled to find the narrow path between the two incompatible value systems. How to reply to the calling to conceptual artrt of autonomous form which must be realized in the future, on the one hand, and at the same time remain faithful to past tradition which was subordrdinated to utilitarian aims, on the other. Once liberated from its primaryry function of container holding the liquid, a vase, for example, begins to exteriorize, through Yagi’s mediation, the potential that until then had been dormant within its interior
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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