1,721,761 research outputs found
Barclay v Penberthy, the rule in Baker v Bolton and the action for loss of services: a new recipe required
No full textThis paper considers the High Court of Australia's refusal to overturn the old precedent Baker v Bolton to the effect that no action is available for loss of services, and its position regarding the law on the ability of employers to recover damages due to injury to their employees. It argues the High Court was wrong to refuse to abandon the old-rule in Baker v Bolton, a case infected with confused reasoning, and that it should have subsumed the action for loss of services claim into either a claim based on interference with contractual relations, or negligence
Some Reflections on Baker v. Carr
Full text linkThis article is based on the author\u27s address before the Vanderbilt University School of Law in connection with the school\u27s 1962 Law Day ceremonies. In it, Mr. Katzenbach examines the positions of the various opinions in Baker v. Carr, the significance of the case both for Tennessee and the country as a whole, and the various alternatives open to the district courts for implementing the decision
BAKER V. CARR, 369 U.S. 186 (1962)
Full text linkBaker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962) marked the U.S. Supreme Court\u27s entry into the political thicket of apportionment and electoral politics that Justice Felix Frankfurter, in his opinion in Colegroe v. Green, 328 U.S. 549 (1946), warned the Court that it should avoid
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The Story of Baker v. Selden
Full text linkThe Story of Baker v. Selden: Sharpening the Distinction between Authorship and InventionTo be published in Jane C. Ginsburg and Rochelle C. Dreyfuss, Intellectual Property Stories (forthcoming Foundation Press 2005)This Story grows out of a study of the Supreme Court Record and other historical materials about the well-known 1880 copyright case of Baker v. Selden. Among the surprises the Story reveals are that Selden was not, as some have surmised, the author of a treatise on bookkeeping, nor was he the inventor of the now universally used T-account system of bookkeeping. Selden’s books are better described as minor variants on one another, consisting of 20-some pages of bookkeeping forms with sample entries, a short preface, and an introduction. Most of the 650 words of text in the last book puff the merits of his system rather than explaining how to use it. Baker, not Selden, is mentioned in works on the history of bookkeeping, and Baker’s books on bookkeeping (but not Selden’s) are still available in various public and university libraries. Though burdened with thousands of dollars of debt, Selden’s widow hired a prominent intellectual property lawyer to represent her in the lawsuit against Baker which charged him with pirating the Selden system. She believed she was owed damages (in today’s dollars) of a quarter-million dollars a year from Baker and his customers. Baker probably lost at the trial court level because he hired an inexperienced young lawyer; Baker won before the Supreme Court in part because he was represented by a team of supple heavy-hitters.The most important lesson of this Story concerns the legal principle the Court was trying to promulgate. Although Baker v. Selden is widely cited as the genesis of the “idea/expression” distinction in copyright law, the Story shows that this distinction predated Baker. Nor is Baker the genesis of the “merger” doctrine (which holds that if an idea can only be expressed in one or a small number of ways, copyright law will not protect the expression because it has “merged” with the idea). The main objective of the Supreme Court’s decision was to sharpen the distinction between authorship and invention. The complaint spoke of Selden as the author and inventor of several books and of a bookkeeping system. His lawyer kept speaking about its novelty in the state of the art. Selden’s widow claimed exclusive rights not only to stop Baker from publishing competing books, but also to collect damages from all of Baker’s customers for their use of the infringing system. That Selden had sought, but apparently not obtained, a patent on his bookkeeping system seems to have affected the Court.To clarify the proper roles of patent and copyright in protecting the fruits of intellectual labor, the Baker opinion introduced a new framework for analyzing copyright claims. It directed courts to consider whether the defendant had copied the author’s description, explanation, illustration, or depiction of a useful art (such as a bookkeeping system) or ideas, or had only copied the useful art or ideas themselves. In the absence of a patent, the useful art depicted in a work, along with its ideas, could be used and copied by anyone, even in directly competing works. Any necessary incidents to implementing the art (e.g., blank forms illustrating use of the system) could likewise be used and copied by second comers without fear of copyright liability.The Baker opinion’s rich analysis of the roles of copyright and patent in protecting intellectual creations has, over the past 125 years, spawned at least eight significant copyright doctrines, including four codified in the Copyright Act of 1976, as well as a few enduring controversies
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Law Review Symposium 2011: Baker v. Carr After 50 Years: Appraising the Reapportionment Revolution: Introduction
Full text linkIntroduction to Law Review Symposium 2011: Baker V. Carr after 50 Years: Appraising the Reapportionment Revolution, Cleveland, O
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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