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Immunotherapy of bilateral lymph node metastases in guinea pigs by intralesional or paralesional injection of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG)
No full textBilateral axillary lymph node metastases occurred after intradermal (id) injection of line 10 hepatocellular carcinoma cells over the thoracic spine of inbred guinea pigs. Excision of the dermal tumor 7 days after injection of tumor cells did not prevent the development of metastases. Injection of BCG into dermal tumors without surgery led to their regression and prevented the growth of microscopic metastases in both right and left superficial distal axillary lymph nodes. Bilateral id injection of BCG between the dermal transplant and each of the regional lymph nodes followed by excision of the dermal tumor also prevented progression of metastases. Unilateral id injection of BCG before excision of dermal tumors failed to retard metastases in contralateral superficial distal axillary lymph nodes. These results suggested that elimination of microscopic lymph node metastases required delivery of adjuvant to or near each metastatic site. Systemic tumor immunity alone may be inadequate to eradicate lymph node metastases
Safety and efficacy of living BCG or BCG cell walls (CW) in the treatment of guinea pig hepatoma
No full textGuinea pigs with established intradermal tumors and microscopic lymph node metastases were treated by intralesional injection of graded doses of living BCG or BCG CW. The lowest dose of living BCG used produced a significant cure rate and no grossly evident toxicity. An intermediate and the highest dose of living BCG used cured some animals but others lost weight and a significant number died as a result of the treatment. Histologic examination of animals with significant weight loss showed fatty degeneration of the liver, granulomatous hepatitis and histiocytic infiltration of the spleen. None of the doses of BCG CW used was toxic and they were at least as effective as living BCG in intralesional treatment. In some experiments in which treatment was delayed it was found that the extent of disease required to render treatment ineffective was about the same for living BCG and for BCG CW
A dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the gene for the gamma subunit of the human Fc epsilon receptors (FLER16)
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Eradication by immunization with mycobacterial vaccines and tumor cells of microscopic metastases remaining after surgery
No full textGuinea pigs, each with a growing tumor from hepatoma cells implanted in the skin, were treated either by surgical excision alone of the dermal tumor or by surgery followed by administration of emulsified Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) cell walls alone or mixed with hepatoma cells. Animals treated by surgery alone developed malignant disease characterized by progressive lethal growth of lymph node metastasis. Injections of cell walls intradermally between the site of excision and the draining lymph node (regional injection) prevented the development of palpable metastasis in some animals; cell walls given intradermally on the side contralateral to the surgical site (remote injection) cured no animals. Similar treatments with preparations containing both cell walls and hepatoma cells prevented the development of malignant disease in a significant number of animals whether the injections were regional or remote. Treatment with mixtures consisting of living BCG and tumor cells was not as effective as treatment with cell walls mixed with tumor cells. A mixture consisting of modified BCG cell walls known as skeletons, trehalose dimycolate also known as cord factor or P3, and endotoxin was an effective substitute for BCG cell walls. There was no particular advantage in the use of the mixture containing BCG cell wall skeletons, trehalose dimycolate, and endotoxin instead of BCG cell walls. Neither preparation produced any gross systemic toxicity, and there was no statistical difference in their therapeutic efficacy. Undegraded cell wall emulsions were easier and less costly to prepare than was the three-component mixture. Animals treated by surgery followed by administration of BCG cell walls together with cells from another syngeneic hepatoma, immunologically distinct from the dermally implanted tumor, failed to eradicate microscopic lymph node metastases
Regression of established oral tumors after intralesional injection of living BCG or BCG cell walls
No full textOral tumors with associated cervical lymph node metastases developed after injection of tumor cells into buccal pads of inbred guinea pigs. Intralesional injection of living BCG or BCG cell walls (CW) caused regression of established tumors, prevented the development of cervical lymph node metastases and led to the development of host resistance to the growth of subsequent tumor transplant
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Immunoprophylaxis of syngeneic methycholanthrene-induced murine sarcomas with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and tumor cells
No full textWe studied the conditions necessary for living Mycobacterium bovis strain Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to augment the capacity of tumor cells to induce specific rejection immunity in healthy mice against transplants of chemically induced fibrosarcomas. Immunization by implantation of tumor cells alone and excision of the resulting growth was compared to that induced by implantation of tumor cells in admixture with BCG followed by excision of the injection site. The numbers of tumor cells and BCG organisms used for immunization were varied to determine the quantities and proportions of those materials required for greatest augmentation of the ability of the animals to reject a challenge of live tumor cells. To assess the degree of host resistance produced by immunization, mice were challenged by i.d. injection of graded doses of living tumor cells. As the number of tumor cells in immunizing mixtures was decreased, an amount was found below which no dose of BCG augmented the capacity of the tumor cells to induce specific host resistance. As the dose of BCG in immunizing mixtures was decreased, an amount was found below which no dose of tumor cells was more effective than tumor cells alone. With each of the fibrosarcomas studied, immunization with optimal quantities of BCG and tumor cells was more effective in producing tumor rejection immunity than were tumor cells alone. Immunization with BCG alone did not increase the ability of the animals to reject tumor. When the specificity of immunity produced by immunization with tumor and BCG was analyzed, two of three fibrosarcomas were found to be cross-protective. Animals immunized with normal murine, syngeneic adult or embryonic tissue, or neoplastic mammary tissue, each in admixture with BCG, were not protected against the growth of the murine fibrosarcoma transplants. The murine fibrosarcomas that were capable of inducing cross-protection released ecotropic murine leukemia virus(es) and contained lactic dehydrogenase virus. The ability of fibrosarcomas to induce cross-protection persisted after tumors were rendered free of lactic dehydrogenase virus by passage in vitro in tissue culture flasks. Resistance to tumor growth was achieved in mice that were challenged 2 to 3 weeks after injection of vaccine. Mice challenged on the same day as the injection of vaccine were not significantly protected against growth of the tumor cells in the challenge inoculum
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