10,524 research outputs found
Michelson, FitzGerald and Lorentz: the origins of relativity revisited
No full textIt is argued that an unheralded moment marking the beginnings of relativity theory occurred in 1889, when G. F. FitzGerald, no doubt with the puzzling 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment fresh in mind, wrote to Heaviside about the possible effects of motion on inter-molecular forces in bodies. Emphasis is placed on the difference between FitzGerald's and Lorentz's independent justifications of the shape distortion effect involved. Finally, the importance of the their `constructive' approach to kinematics---stripped of any commitment to the physicality of the ether--- will be defended, in the spirit of Pauli, Swann and Bell
Plecia nessiae Fitzgerald 2021, sp. n.
No full text<i>Plecia nessiae</i> Fitzgerald sp. n. <p>(Figs. 18–22)</p> <p> <b>Type Material</b>. <b>Holotype</b>: Male, point-pinned (NHMLA), BRAZIL: “Veadeiros, Go., Brazil, May 1, 1956, F.S. Truxal ” [white label]. “Machris Brazilian Expedition—1956, Los Angeles County Museum” [white label]. LACM ENT 395057 [white data matrix label]. HOLOTYPE, <i>Plecia nessiae</i> Fitzgerald [red label], terminalia dissected.</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Holotype Male. <i>General coloration</i>. Entirely black to very dark brown, legs dark brown. <i>Head</i>. Three ocelli. Antenna missing. Compound eye holoptic with minute sparse ommatrichia, divided into upper and lower section of larger and smaller facets by slight depression. Face produced anteriorly, duck-bill-like. Clypeus + proboscis long, longer than the length of the head (can be seen folded under the head in Fig. 18). <i>Thorax</i>. Mesonotum polished, shining, with a subtle median and a pair of more distinctive dorsocentral grooves. Anterior portion of grooves with thin dark brownish pruinosity forming longitudinal stripes, mesonotum more thickly pruinose laterally and anteriorly. Mesonotum largely bare with short dark sparse setae in median and dorsocentral grooves as well as laterally. Thoracic pleurae matte, very dark brown, katepisternum with patch of dorsal setae. <i>Legs.</i> Missing fore legs and left hind leg. Remaining legs with dense short dark setae. Hind tibia slender, spindle-shaped. Hind basitarsus slender, sausage-shaped, approximately 4.5 times as long as wide. <i>Wings</i>. 6.5 mm, slightly light brown fumose, darker anteriorly. All veins brown, anterior veins bolder, pterostigma concolorous with wing membrane. R 2+3 short, curved, strongly divergent from R 4+5, ending in C. Venation typical for the genus. <i>Abdomen.</i> With short dark hair. Terminalia (Figs. 19–22). Epandrium (tergite nine) short, almost twice as broad as long with narrow, slit-like posteromedial cleft extending about 1/3 length of sclerite though sclerite creased along entire length. Epandrial lobes apically rather truncate, but with four broad, dark, triangular, posteroventrally-directed, shark-tooth-like lobes on the inner posterior edge. Gonocoxites distinctly convex, bulbous, ventrally broader than long, lacking posteromedian cleft, median projection, and lateral lobes. Gonostylus with two main lobes; a broad, flat dorsal lobe and a more ventral, slender posteriorly-projecting lobe. In posterior view (Fig. 21), gonostylus broad, roughly diamond-shaped with broad truncate dorsal edge and dorsomedial edge black and covered in minute rasp-like teeth and ventral lobe foreshortened and difficult to see. In ventral view (Fig. 20), ventral lobe of gonostylus slender, apically hooked, resembling neck and head of the Lochness Monster (as in the famous, albeit hoaxed, “surgeon’s photograph” of 1934).</p> <p> <i>Female.</i> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis & Remarks</b>. This species is most similar to <i>P. xyele</i> Fitzgerald, which previously had no clear affinity to other species (Fitzgerald 1998); both species share the dark shining scutum, elongated mouthparts, and bilobate gonostylus with rasp-like dorsal lobe. However, <i>P. nessiae</i> can be distinguished by the shape of the epandrium (with four triangular teeth in <i>P. nessiae</i> verses two strong apically rounded lobes in <i>P. xyele</i>) and the very different shape of the gonostylus; in ventral view, the ventral lobe of <i>P. nessiae</i> is slender with the apex hooked resembling the neck and head of the Lochness Monster (Figs. 19 & 23) whereas that of <i>P. xyele</i> is rectangular, apically truncate, but with corners produced into acute points (see Fitzgerald 1998, Figs. 89–91). <i>P. nessiae</i> belongs to the <i>xylele</i> -species-group (see Discussion) and will key to couplet 5 in Hardy’s 1945 key.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The specific epithet is derived from the name Nessie (a nickname for Scotland’s Lochness Monster) as the gonostylus in ventral view bears a striking resemblance to the neck and head of the Lochness Monster (as e.g., seen in the “Surgeon’s photograph” of 1934 (see Fig. 23 and Tikkanen 2020). Additionally, the epandrium has a row of monstrous teeth along the posterior edge.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. Known only from the holotype collected in Goiás, Brazil.</p>Published as part of <i>Fitzgerald, Scott J., 2021, New species of Neotropical Plecia Wiedemann (Diptera: Bibionidae) and delineation of the americana-, nigra-, and xyele- species-groups, pp. 21-40 in Zootaxa 5005 (1)</i> on pages 31-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5141077">http://zenodo.org/record/5141077</a>
Phthinia amorimi Fitzgerald, n. sp.
No full text<i>Phthinia amorimi</i> Fitzgerald n. sp. <p>Figs. 1–2</p> <p> <b>Type material. Holotype</b>: ♂ missing left front leg, glued directly to side of pin [CNCI], “Puerto Cisnes, 72°40’W. 44°45’S. Aysén, CHILE 1–15.II.61. Pena.” / “ HOLOTYPE, <i>Phthinia amorimi</i> Fitzgerald ” [red label], terminalia dissected. <b>Paratypes:</b> 1♂ [SFC], same data as holotype; 2 ♂♂ [CNCI], same data as holotype except 16– 28.II.1961.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Phthinia amorimi</i> can be distinguished from other <i>Phthinia</i> species by the following combination of characters: Sc short, not reaching level of Rs distally, ending just short of base of r-m; gonocoxites developed posteriorly beyond point of articulation of gonostylus into a pair of apically narrowly rounded, posteriorly-directed setose lobes, each with a large, strong, triangular medially-directed, dark, tooth (Figs. 1–2); gonostylus elongate, apically bifurcate, the more anterior lobe apically rounded and spatulate, and the more posterior lobe fluted and complex (Figs. 1–2).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Male. Body length: approx. 4.5–6.0, 5.2 [4.5] mm (n=4). <i>Coloration</i>. Light brown; abdomen and head darker brown. <i>Head</i>. Three ocelli. Fourteen elongate flagellomeres; first flagellomere longer, approx. 1.3 times the length of flagellomere 2. <i>Thorax</i>. Laterotergite setose. Scutellum with numerous short setae and 2 longer, stronger setae apically. <i>Legs.</i> First tarsomere of foreleg approx. 2.3 times length of foretibia. Hind tibia with 1–5 minute anterior setae, 28–38 minute dorsal setae, and no posterior setae (n=4). <i>Wings</i>. 3.8–4.2, 4.0 [3.8 mm] (n=4). Membrane with dense macrotrichia and microtrichia. Sc short; not reaching level of Rs distally, ending just short of base of r-m. C extending about 1/4–1/3 of the distance between Rs and M1; r-m about 2.5 times as long as base of Rs; r-m slightly longer than stem of M (stem of M about 2/3 length of r-m); most of M1 weakly sclerotized and unpigmented (recognizable by crease and row of minute closely set setae present on other veins). A1 divergent from stem of CuA; distance between apex of A1 and CuA subequal to length of M stem. <i>Abdomen.</i> Terminalia (Figs. 1– 2). Terminalia concolorous with abdomen to slightly lighter brown than abdomen. Cerci short, lobate, apically rounded, with small setae. Hypoproct short, medially divided and cerci-like, broadly rounded and densely setose apically. Gonocoxites ventrally entire (not partially subdivided by pair of sutures as in <i>P. oliveirae</i>) (Fig. 2). In dorsal and ventral views gonocoxites developed posteriorly beyond point of articulation of gonostylus into a pair of apically narrowly rounded, posteriorly-directed setose lobes, each with a large, strong, triangular mediallydirected, dark, tooth (Figs. 1–2). Gonostylus elongate, apically bifurcate, the more anterior lobe apically rounded and spatulate, and the more posterior lobe fluted and complex (Figs. 1–2). Parameres a pair of thin, weaklysclerotized, narrow, elongate, apically acute, divergent, saber-like lobes ventral to hypoproct (Fig. 1). Aedeagal complex not easily distinguishable. Posterolateral edges of epandrium (T9) broadly rounded, without strong posteriorly-directed digitate lobes; T9 with a V-shaped cleft posteromedially that nearly subdivides sclerite (Fig. 1).</p> <p> <i>Female.</i> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Comments.</b> <i>Phthinia amorimi</i> is most similar to <i>P. urubici</i> Oliveira & Amorim, and <i>P. theresae</i> Oliveira & Amorim, from Brazil, and will key to couplet six (<i>P. urubici</i> / <i>P. theresae</i>) in the key to Neotropical species provided by Oliveira & Amorim (2010). However, the shape of the apically bifurcate gonostylus is quite different in <i>P. amorimi</i>, as is the presence of the large black triangular medially-directed tooth on the inner surface of the gonocoxites (Figs 1–2). It is interesting to note that the structure of the terminalia and wing venation of <i>P. amorimi</i> allies this species with the two Brazilian species rather than any of the species currently known from Chile.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet honors Dalton de Souza Amorim for his work on numerous groups of Bibionomorpha and his contribution, both as a researcher and teacher, to the advancement of Neotropical Dipterology.</p>Published as part of <i>Fitzgerald, Scott J., 2017, Phthinia Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae): new species and records from the Neotropical and Oriental regions, pp. 107-113 in Zootaxa 4231 (1)</i> on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/293596">http://zenodo.org/record/293596</a>
Phthinia cascadica Fitzgerald & Kerr, n. sp.
No full text<i>Phthinia cascadica</i> Fitzgerald & Kerr n. sp. <p>Figs. 1–8</p> <p> <b>Type material. Holotype</b>: ♂ (Fig. 1) [specimen #12K577; CSCA], missing right front leg, otherwise complete, point-mounted, USA: CA: Humboldt Co., Prairie Creek SP, Cal Barrel Rd., appx. 41.3830ºN, - 123.9985ºW, 275masl, 2.vi–25.vii.2009, P. Kerr & O. Lonsdale, 6m MT, CSCA 09L521. <b>Paratypes</b>: ♂ [09C884; CSCA], USA, Ore., Josephine Co., small trib. of Josephine Ck, above USFS Rd 4201 Xing, 42°14.168'N 123°42.055'W, MT 475m, 22 May–1 Jun 2009, GW Courtney, CSCA 09L406; 8 ♂♂, ♀ [12K576–12K582, 12K584, 12K892; CSCA], USA: CA: Humboldt Co., Prairie Creek SP, Cal Barrel Rd., appx. 41.3830ºN, - 123.9985ºW, 275masl, 2.vi–25.vii.2009 P. Kerr & O. Lonsdale, 6m MT, CSCA 09L521; ♂ in alcohol [10F479; CASC], USA: CA: Del Norte Co, Six Rivers NF, For Route 16N02, nr. Bear Basin Outlk, 41.8016ºN, 123.7369ºW, 1500masl, 3.vi–4.vii.2009 P. H. Kerr & O. Lonsdale, 6m MT, CSCA 09L526; ♂ [13M447; CSCA] USA: CA: Marin: Pt. Reyes N Seashore; Mt Vision Rd, 1.8 mi E SF Drake Blvd, 6m MT, 38.1013ºN, - 122.8878ºW, P. H. Kerr, C. Borkent 1.v–4.vii.2012 CSCA 12L079; ♂ [ISUI], Linn Co., OR, McDowell Creek Falls, 18 Oct. 2009, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [OSAC #0000770505], USA: OR: Benton Co., Corvallis, SW Allen St., sweeping over log pile, 44.5472ºN, - 123.2698ºW, 16 Nov. 2012, S. Fitzgerald; 2♀♀ [1 OSAC #0000770504, 1 USNM], USA: OR: Benton Co., Alsea Falls area, Fall Creek jct. trail 6, 44.3199ºN - 123.4899ºW, 17 Oct. 2012, S. Fitzgerald; ♀ [SFC], Benton Co., OR, 1460 SW Allen St., Corvallis, 23 Nov.– 6 Dec. 2009, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [SFC], USA: OR: Benton Co., Mary’s Peak, upper Parker Creek nr. campground, 44.5087ºN, - 123.5583ºW, 1 June 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♂, [SFC], Multnomah Co., OR, off E. Historic Columbia R. Hwy 1 mi. E. jct. 84 (exit 28), ca. 45.5672 -1221578, 18 Sept.–23 Oct. 2013, S.J. Fitzgerald, Malaise trap; ♀ [SFC], USA: OR Benton Co., OR, 1460 SW Allen St., Corvallis, 44.5509ºN, - 123.2700ºW, pupa suspended by threads on white encrusting fungus on underside of rotten log under canopy of maple, elm, and cherry, 31 Oct. 2013, emerged 3 Nov. 2013, S. Fitzgerald; ♀ [SFC], USA: OR Benton Co., OR, 1460 SW Allen St., Corvallis, 44.5509ºN, - 123.2700ºW, 8 Nov. 2013, porch light, S. Fitzgerald; ♂ [CNCI], CANADA: BC: Capilano 300m, N. Vancouver, 17 X 1972, J.R. Vockeroth. <b>Additional material:</b> 4 ♂♂ [CASC], CANADA: British Columbia: Upper Carmanah Valley, 21 VI-7 VII 1991, N. Winchester, CC.MT5; 4 ♂♂ [CASC], CANADA: British Columbia: Upper Carmanah Valley, 21 VI-7 VII 1991, N. Winchester, TZ.MT5.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named after the bioregion (and proposed country) Cascadia, known for its rich natural heritage and environmental sensibilities.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis and comments.</b> <i>Phthinia cascadica</i> can be distinguished from all other <i>Phthinia</i> by the stronglydeveloped, digitate, posteriorly-directed, posterodorsal lobes of the gonocoxites which are unique within the genus. The only other taxon with distinctly dorsal lobes on the gonocoxites is <i>P. parafurcata</i> Oliveira & Amorim (described from Chile), but the dorsal lobes in this species are mesally-, rather than posteriorly-directed. In California and Oregon, where only <i>P. neptunei</i> <b>n. sp.</b> and <i>P. cascadica</i> <b>n. sp.</b> have been recorded, females of the two species can be distinguished by the different distribution of macrotrichia on the wing, the relative divergence of A1 from the petiole of the cubital fork, and the presence/absence of posterior setae on the hind tibia (see couplet 1 in key). Based on a single specimen collected in 2012 from Pt. Reyes National Seashore (Marin Co., California), we believe there may be another species of <i>Phthinia</i> that is very closely related to <i>P. c a s c ad i c a</i>. However more specimens are needed to confirm this and document its morphology adequately for proper diagnosis and taxonomic publication.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Male. Body length: 6.2–8.4, 7.4 [7.6] mm (n=8). <i>Head</i>. First flagellomere longer, approx. subequal the length of flagellomere 2. <i>Thorax</i> (Fig. 2). Laterotergite with several setae. Scutellum with 4 stronger bristles (although sometimes only 2–3 apparent and sometimes all setae are shorn off). <i>Legs.</i> First tarsomere of foreleg approx. 2.5 times length of foretibia, first tarsomere of midleg approx. 1.7 times as long as midtibia, and first tarsomere of hind leg approx. 0.7 times as long as hind tibia. Apex of hind tibia with apex ventrally produced into a keel-like point bearing the outer tibial spur apically. Hind tibia with 2–6 minute anterior setae, 17–27 minute dorsal setae, and 8–10 minute posterior setae (N=2); midtibia also with a small number of minute anterior and dorsal setae. <i>Wings</i> (as Fig. 3). 4.2–5.5, 5.0 [5.3] mm (n=8). Membrane with macrotrichia; microtrichia also present between more widely spaced macrotrichia. C extending about 1/3 of the distance between R5 and M1; Rs about 1/4 length r-m; r-m subequal to slightly longer than stem of M; medial fork complete; M1 distinct basally. A1 diverging only slightly from stem of CuA. (Fig. 3). <i>Abdomen.</i> Terminalia (Figs. 4–7). Terminalia beige-brown to light brown, contrasting with darker color of abdomen. Cerci short, lobate, apically rounded with small setae. Hypoproct about as long as wide, much longer than more dorsally situated cerci (Figs. 4, 6); posterior margin with a broad, shallow, v-shaped emargination. In dorsal view (Fig. 6), gonocoxite developed dorsally beyond point of articulation of gonostylus into an apical (posteriorly directed) digitate, apically rounded, setose lobe devoid of strong spine-like setae. Gonostylus with five lobes (Figs. 5, 7); two mesally-directed lobes, one apically-directed lobe, and two spine-like posteriorly-directed lobes (the latter best seen in ventral view, Fig. 7); the former three lobes are less sclerotized, more or less apically rounded, and covered with setae over most of surface; apically-directed lobe with strong setae. The two strong, subequal, spine-like, posteriorly-directed lobes are primarily bare and setose only basally (Figs. 4, 7). In ventral view, aedeagal complex protruding ventromedially beyond ventromedian margin of gonocoxites; triangular, apically acute (Fig. 7).</p> <p> <i>Female.</i> Similar to male; terminalia as Fig. 8.</p> <p> <b>Bionomics.</b> <i>Phthinia cascadica</i> <b>n. sp.</b> is recorded from about 38ºN latitude California north to Vancouver British Columbia with all records in the extreme western parts of the these states/provinces (while we did not examine any specimens from Washington, this species undoubtedly occurs there). Specimens have been collected nearly at sea level, up to 1,097 m, in habitats including coniferous woodlands (including coastal redwood forests in northern California), and mixed woods in semi-wild open spaces on the edges of towns. As noted in the introductory bionomics section, this species was reared from a pupa found suspended by threads in a hollow cavity on the underside of a rotten deciduous log, with the overhead canopy being made up of Big Leaf Maple, Elm, and Cherry trees; the lower surface of the rotten log, including the small hollow in which the pupa was suspended, was covered with a white encrusting fungus. Considering the records, it seems likely that the species is at home in coniferous or deciduous woods as long as an appropriate fungal host can be located. Adults have been swept from a log pile (mix of coniferous and deciduous logs), taken in Malaise traps, and attracted to a porch light. The seasonal distribution is late May–July and September–December (the majority of these fall records occurring within October–November).</p>Published as part of <i>Fitzgerald, Scott J. & Kerr, Peter H., 2014, Revision of Nearctic Phthinia Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), pp. 301-325 in Zootaxa 3856 (3)</i> on pages 305-308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/251697">http://zenodo.org/record/251697</a>
Carotenoid content of pandanus fruit cultivars and other foods of the Republic of Kiribati
No full textBackground: Kiribati, a remote atoll island country of the Pacific, has serious problems of vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Thus, it is important to identify locally grown acceptable foods that might be promoted to alleviate this problem. Pandanus fruit (Pandanus tectorius) is a well-liked indigenous Kiribati food with many cultivars that have orange/yellow flesh, indicative of carotenoid content. Few have been previously analysed. Aim: This study was conducted to identify cultivars of pandanus and other foods that could be promoted to alleviate VAD in Kiribati. Method: Ethnography was used to select foods and assess acceptability factors. Pandanus and other foods were analysed for β- and α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and total carotenoids using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Of the nine pandanus cultivars investigated there was a great range of provitamin A carotenoid levels (from 62 to 19 086 μg β-carotene/100 g), generally with higher levels in those more deeply coloured. Seven pandanus cultivars, one giant swamp taro (Cyrtosperma chamissonis) cultivar and native fig (Ficus tinctoria) had significant provitamin A carotenoid content, meeting all or half of estimated daily vitamin A requirements within normal consumption patterns. Analyses in different laboratories confirmed high carotenoid levels in pandanus but showed that there are still questions as to how high the levels might be, owing to variation arising from different handling/preparation/analytical techniques. Conclusions: These carotenoid-rich acceptable foods should be promoted for alleviating VAD in Kiribati and possibly other Pacific contexts where these foods are important. Further research in the Pacific is needed to identify additional indigenous foods with potential health benefits.Lois Englberger, William Aalbersberg, Usaia Dolodolotawake, Joseph Schierle, Julia Humphries, Tinai Iuta, Geoffrey C Marks, Maureen H Fitzgerald, Betarim Rimon and Mamarau Kaiririet
Asindulum mexicanum Fitzgerald 2023, n. sp.
No full text<i>Asindulum mexicanum</i> Fitzgerald n. sp. <p>Figs. 28–37, 85</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3C0426CF-CEE6-457F-8807-624CFAD4A5E8</p> <p> <b>Type material</b>. Holotype male (Fig. 28) (CASC), point-pinned, terminalia dissected: MEXICO: SAN LUIS POTOSI: El Bonito, 7 mi. S. of Ciudad Valles, el. 300’, 20.XII.1970, P.H. & M. Arnaud. <b>Paratypes</b>: same as holotype, 1 female (CASC).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Holotype male. Body length ca. 4.5 mm (n = 1). Head, antennae, mouthparts brown. Antennae with 14 cylindrical, barrel-shaped flagellomeres plus a minute, apical, button-like apicule, all without distinct setae. Mouthparts as Fig. 29; long, terminating near apex of fore coxa. Palps five-segmented. Three centrally-positioned ocelli in a line; median ocellus smaller. Mesonotum brown with hint of very thin, sparse, greyish pollinosity and short black setae over most of surface except for a pair of bare (asetose) dorsocentral stripes. Thoracic pleura light brown; katepisternum, laterotergite, and mediotergite bare, a single small seta at dorsal edge of anepisternum. Anterior spiracle without posterior setae. Legs light brown, becoming slightly darker distally. Tibial spurs 1:2:2 with inner spurs longer. Fore tibia with apical, triangular sensory area on anterior surface. Hind tibia with trichia irregularly arranged and a small number of short black setae in regular rows on ventral, anterior, anterodorsal, dorsal, and posterior surfaces. Wing as Fig 28; ca. 4.0 mm (n = 1), mostly hyaline except slightly brown fumose along wing margin on distal third. Veins brown, anterior and posterior forks and CuP with short, widely-spaced setae on upper surface, especially apically. Anterior veins with more densely-spaced setae except Sc, base Rs, and R 2+3 bare. CuP reaching wing margin. Abdomen brown with short black setae and light brown highlights on anterolateral portions of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia as Figs. 30–35. Male tergite 9 posteriorly medially emarginate, emargination broad v-shaped posteriorly, becoming a narrow notch anteriorly, with posterior edge of tergite 9 forming two very broadly-rounded (nearly truncate) lobes. Posterolateral lobes of tergite 9 somewhat triangular in dorsal and ventral views, not laterally flattened, but with inner surface slightly expanded and sloping into genital chamber. In lateral view, posterolateral lobes of tergite 9, appear apically rounded. Ventrally, gonocoxites medially subdivided with posterior apices forming narrow rounded lobes. In lateral view, lateral lobes of gonocoxites mitten-like, narrowly rounded apically, dorsal edge with a short, thumb-like dorsal process dorsomedially. Gonostylus talon-like, evenly curved, apically-hooked and acute, with some strong subapical setae. Sperm pump (possibly fused with parameres?) complex, large and anteriorly elongated, with apodemes reaching into abdominal segment 6; notable are two pairs of very long, more laterally-positioned apodemes (one pair more ventral, one pair more dorsal) and an ejaculatory apodeme which is very strongly laterally compressed. At the posterior apex of the sperm pump is a pair of small dorsoventrally flattened, apically rounded, scoop-shaped lobes.</p> <p> Female. As in male except: Body length ca. 4.5 mm (n = 1). Mesonotum brown laterally and lighter-brown medially forming a light central stripe about 1/3 width of mesonotum. Wing ca. 4.0 mm (n = 1), slightly less brown fumose; fumosity concentrated at anteroapical margin near R 2+3. Abdomen broader than male; expanding posteriorly to segment 5 then narrowing again. Tergites mostly yellowish-brown with brown posterior bands. Female terminalia (Figs. 36–37) retracted into segment 7. Cerci fleshy, setose, oval, pad-like. Sternite 10 broadly rounded posteriorly. Two lightly sclerotized, balloon-shaped spermathecae present.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The specific epithet (adjective) is for the type locality in Mexico.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. Mouthparts of both sexes ending near apex fore coxa, posterolateral lobes of male tergite 9 rounded in lateral view (not apically hooked). Only one female specimen known; females possibly distinguished from other Nearctic species by smaller size (wing ca. 4.0 mm) and distribution as indicated in the key.</p> <p> <b>Comments</b>. One specimen (CASC) which was collected at the same site and on the same date as the type series is missing the abdomen (sex unknown) and is larger (wing ca. 6.0 mm rather than 4.0 mm); considering it’s condition, it was not included as part of the type series. A damaged specimen (abdomen missing) from Baja California, Mexico (CASC) with a black thorax may be a dark morph of this taxon or represent an undescribed species; it is the only other <i>Asindulum</i> specimen otherwise known from Mexico.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b> (Fig. 85). Known only from the type series collected from San Luis Potosi, Mexico.</p>Published as part of <i>Fitzgerald, Scott J., 2023, The Nearctic species of Asindulum Latreille and Macrorrhyncha Winnertz (Diptera: Keroplatidae), pp. 72-106 in Zootaxa 5351 (1)</i> on pages 84-87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5351.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8391146">http://zenodo.org/record/8391146</a>
A psychoanalytic concept illustrated: Will, must, may, can — revisiting the survival function of primitive omnipotence
No full textThe author explores the linear thread connecting the theory of Freud and Klein, in terms of the central significance of the duality of the life and death instinct and the capacity of the ego to tolerate contact with internal and external reality. Theoretical questions raised by later authors, informed by clinical work with children who have suffered deprivation and trauma in infancy, are then considered. Theoretical ideas are illustrated with reference to observational material of a little boy who suffered deprivation and trauma in infancy. He was first observed in the middle of his first year of life while he was living in foster care, and then later at the age of two years and three months, when he had been living with his adoptive parents for more than a year
Macrorrhyncha borealis Fitzgerald 2023, n. sp.
No full text<i>Macrorrhyncha borealis</i> Fitzgerald n. sp. <p>Figs. 64–74</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2FA66977-6771-4E7F-BBE6-B60FB53C875D</p> <p> <b>Type material</b>. Holotype male (Fig. 64) (CNCI), pinned, terminalia dissected: CANADA: YUKON TERRITORY: Canyon Creek, 4 Aug. 1948, Mason & Hughes. A second smaller blue label (“ SLIDE, HCW, 6.I.77, No. F ”) refers to the slide-mounted right wing.</p> <p> <b>Additional material examined (tentatively associated; see Comments below)</b>. CANADA: BRITISH COLUMBIA: Alaska Bay, Lum & Abner, 58 degrees N., 29 Aug. 1948, Mason & Hughes, 1 female (CNCI); SASKATCHEWAN: Hudson Bay, 13.IX.1959, J. R. Vockeroth, 1 specimen (missing terminalia, sex unknown) (CNCI).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Holotype male. Body length ca. 4.5 mm (n = 1). Head, antennae, mouthparts dark brown. Antennae with 14 cylindrical, barrel-shaped flagellomeres plus a minute, apical, button-like apicule, all without distinct setae. Mouthparts as Fig. 65; very long, terminating well beyond apex of fore coxa. Palps five-segmented. Three centrally-positioned ocelli in an arc; median ocellus smaller. Mesonotum dark brown, slightly lighter brown laterally, with short black setae in broad irregular rows medially, dorsocentrally, and laterally. Thoracic pleura dark brown; anepisternum, katepisternum, laterotergite, and mediotergite bare. Posterior edge of anterior spiracle with several short black setae. Legs light brownish-yellow; left fore leg and right fore tarsus missing. Tibial spurs 1:2:2 with inner spurs longer. Fore tibia with apical, triangular sensory area on anterior surface. Hind tibia with trichia irregularly arranged and a small number of short black setae in regular rows on anteroventral, anterior, anterodorsal, dorsal, posterodorsal, and posterior surfaces. Wing ca. 3.8 mm (n = 1), hyaline. Posteroapical portion of left wing missing, right wing slide-mounted (Fig. 66). Veins brown, anterior and posterior forks and CuP with short, widely-spaced setae on upper surface, especially apically. Anterior veins with more densely-spaced setae except Sc, base Rs, and R 2+3 bare. CuP not reaching wing margin. Halters brownish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown with short black setae. Male terminalia as Figs. 67–72. Male tergite 9 approximately square, anterior margin with deep, broad, u-shaped emargination and posterior margin with slight, broad, emargination; without strongly developed posterolateral lobes. In dorsal view, cerci prominent, triangular, fleshy, setose. Ventrally, gonocoxites with deep, broad u-shaped emargination which nearly subdivides sclerite; a narrow strip of sclerite anteriorly connecting the two halves. In ventral view, a small lobe (terminating with a cluster of setae) is visible on the inner surface of the gonocoxite immediately below the attachment-point of the gonostyli. In lateral view, gonocoxites short, broad, broadly rounded with a short, broad, apically broadly rounded, asetose dorsal process that is shorter than (i.e. does not reach the level of the posterior apex of) the primary lobe of the gonocoxite. Gonostylus triangular in ventral view. In lateral view gonostylus somewhat triangular with tip slightly curved dorsally and with a long, thin, slightly curved, asetose, dorsally-projecting lobe which originates basally. Sperm pump (possibly fused with parameres?) large and anteriorly elongated, with apodemes reaching to anterior end of abdominal segment 7; notable are two pairs of very long, ventrolaterally-positioned apodemes (one pair laterally flattened and the second pair more rod-like) and an ejaculatory apodeme which is the longest of all the apodemes and the most strongly laterally compressed. Additionally, there is a pair of short, divergent apodemes dorsally. The posterior apex of the sperm pump is made up of two pairs of rounded lobes; a larger, dorsoventrally-flattened pair more ventrally (visible in Fig. 68), and a smaller, laterally-flattened pair that is more centrally located.</p> <p>Female (tentatively associated; see Comments below). As in male except: Body length ca. 4.5 mm (n = 1). Mesonotum light brown laterally. Wing 4.5 mm. Abdomen broader than male. Female terminalia as Figs. 73–74. Cerci fleshy, setose, oval, pad-like. Sternite 10 difficult to discern due to being retracted, but appears to be rounded posteriorly.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The specific epithet is from Latin “ <i>borealis ”</i> (northern), referring to the northern distribution of this species.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. Mouthparts very long (terminating well beyond apex of fore coxa), thorax dark, and male terminalia as Figs. 67–72.</p> <p> <b>Comments</b>. The specimens listed above as <i>M. borealis</i> were associated with the box label “ <i>Macrorrhyncha coxale</i> ” in CNCI and the slide-mounted right wing of the holotype is labelled as “ <i>Macrorrhyncha coxalis</i> Lw. ” The note “IDEMA” on the slide indicates that the specimen was used for the illustration of the wing of “ <i>Macrorrhyncha coxalis</i> ” in the Manual of Nearctic Diptera (Vockeroth 1981, Fig. 17); this figure caption should be corrected to “ <i>M. borealis</i>.”</p> <p> The two specimens listed under “additional material examined” are only tentatively included here as one is missing the terminalia and the second is a female from a different site than the holotype male. However, both specimens have the thorax dark-colored and mouthparts longer than fore coxa which are characters unique to <i>M. borealis</i> in the known Nearctic species. While it is possible that one or both of these specimens represents an undescribed species, they are here associated with <i>M. borealis</i> as a working-hypothesis until further evidence can either confirm or refute this association. Based on keys and illustrations of the Palearctic species (Matile 1975, Bechev 2010b), this species is similar to <i>M. hispanica</i> (Strobl), though the dorsal process of the gonocoxite is shorter rather than taller than the remainder of the gonocoxite and the gonostylus is distinctly different in shape.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. Canada.</p>Published as part of <i>Fitzgerald, Scott J., 2023, The Nearctic species of Asindulum Latreille and Macrorrhyncha Winnertz (Diptera: Keroplatidae), pp. 72-106 in Zootaxa 5351 (1)</i> on pages 94-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5351.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8391146">http://zenodo.org/record/8391146</a>
Asindulum flavidum Fitzgerald 2023, n. sp.
No full text<i>Asindulum flavidum</i> Fitzgerald n. sp. <p>Figs. 16–27, 85</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EFC52A58-8DA6-4557-9925-0BE75504D9FA</p> <p> <b>Type Material</b>. Holotype male (CNCI), pinned (Fig. 16): USA: FLORIDA: Wakulla Co., Ochlockonee State Pk., IV.30.1980, J.F. Burger. <b>Paratypes</b>: USA: FLORIDA: Gainesville, 25.IV.1952, G.S. Walley, 1m (CNCI); Gulf Hammock, 23.IV.1952, J. R. Vockeroth, 1m 1f on same pin (CNCI); GEORGIA: McIntosh Co., Sapelo Island, 17 May 1978, J. R. Powers, 1m (CASC).</p> <p> <b>Additional material examined</b> (see Comments). USA: NORTH CAROLINA: Cumberland Co., Fort Bragg, 6–13. VI.1967, J.D. Birchim, 1m (CASC); TEXAS: Erath Co., Happy Valley Estates, 32.164296, -98.287018, May 2023, R. Pfau, Malaise trap, 2m 1f, (SFC); same as previous except 5 June 2023, 1m (SFC).</p> <p> <b>Additional records</b> (the following CSCA specimens were determined by Peter Kerr based on photographs of the male terminalia sent by the author). USA: FLORIDA: Wakulla Co., Apalachicola NF, FS366, LLP oak savanna, N30º19.751’, W84º30.309’, Ant Heaven Trap, Malaise; 15–20 May 2005, Deans, Joshi, Murray coll., CSCA06 LOT 168, 3m (CSCA; CSCA _06X146); Wakulla Co., Apalachicola NF, FS366, LLP savanna, Malaise, N30º19.751’, W84º30.309’, 21–28 May 2005, Wetherby, Murray, CSCA08 L 213, 1m (CSCA; CSCA _13M992); Wakulla Co., Apalachicola NF, FS366, LLP savanna, Malaise, N30º19.751’, W84º30.309’, 21–28 May 2005, Wetherby, Murray, CSCA08 L213, 1f (CSCA; CSCA _22Q320).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Male. Body length ca. 7.0 mm (n = 1). Head, yellowish to light brown, area around ocelli black. Antennae with 14 brown, cylindrical flagellomeres plus a small, apical, rounded apicule; flagellomeres 2–13 broader than long, flagellomeres 1 and 14 longer than broad, all without distinct setae. Pedicel, scape, and base of basal flagellomere yellowish. Mouthparts as Fig. 17; yellowish and brown, long, terminating near apex of fore coxa. Palps brown, five-segmented. Three centrally-positioned ocelli in a line; median ocellus smaller. Mesonotum cream to yellowish with three broad light brown to brown stripes; lateral stripes anteriorly truncated and median stripe narrowly divided by a narrow darker stripe medially (stripes sometimes merged into a central brown area). Mesonotum with black appressed setae over most of surface except for a pair of bare (asetose) submedian stripes at least anteriorly. Thoracic pleura cream to yellowish; anepisternum, katepisternum, laterotergite, and mediotergite bare. Anterior spiracle without posterior setae. Legs yellowish, becoming slightly darker distally due to density of trichia. Tibial spurs 1:2:2 with inner spurs longer. Fore tibia with apical, triangular sensory area on anterior surface. Hind tibia with trichia irregularly arranged and short black setae in regular rows on all leg surfaces. Wing as Fig 18; ca. 5.0–6.0 mm (n = 4), hyaline to slightly brown fumose along wing edge at distal third. Veins brown, anterior and posterior forks and CuP with short, widely-spaced setae on upper surface, especially apically. Anterior veins with more densely-spaced setae except Sc, base Rs, and R 2+3 bare. CuP reaching wing margin. Abdomen yellowish with terminal segments darker; segments 1–4 yellowish with very narrow light brown posterior borders, remaining tergites either dark brown to black with lighter areas laterally or just darker versions of the preceding segments (light brown with dark brown posterior borders). Abdomen with black setae. Male terminalia as Figs. 19–24. Male tergite 9 posteriorly medially emarginate, posterolateral corners developed into a pair of broad, laterally-compressed, dorsally-hooked lobes. Ventrally, gonocoxites deeply and broadly medially emarginate with only a narrow strap connecting the two halves posteriorly. Lateral lobes of gonocoxites broad, rectangular, apically truncate, without dorsal process dorsomedially. Gonostylus talon-like, apically-hooked and acute, with some strong subapical setae. Sperm pump (possibly fused with parameres?) complex, large and anteriorly elongated, with apodemes reaching into abdominal segments 6–5; notable are two pairs of very long, more laterally-positioned apodemes (one pair more ventral, one pair more dorsal) and an ejaculatory apodeme which is very strongly laterally compressed. The posterior apex of the sperm pump is a pair of laterally flattened lobes that are dorsally connected, forming a U-shaped cradle.</p> <p>Female. As in male except: Body length ca. 8.0 mm (n = 1). Mesonotum not distinctly striped. Wing ca. 7.0 mm (n = 1) brown fumose along wing margin on distal third; darker anteroapically. Abdomen broader than male; expanding in width posteriorly to segments 4 and 5 then tapering again. Tergites mostly yellowish to light brown with brown posterior borders on tergites 1–3 and tergites 4+ brightest and with the least brown (Fig. 25). Segments beyond tergite 7 strongly telescoped internally. Female terminalia as Figs. 26–27. Cerci fleshy, setose, oval, pad-like. Sternite 10 broadly rounded to truncate posteriorly.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The species epithet is from the Latin <i>flavidus</i> (yellowish) for the predominant pale coloration of the more southern representatives of this species.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. Mouthparts of both sexes ending near apex of fore coxa, male tergite 9 with posterolateral corners developed into a pair of broad (narrow in <i>A. montanum</i>), laterally-compressed, dorsally-hooked lobes.</p> <p> <b>Comments</b>. There is significant abdominal color variation in this species described below as a “pale morph” and a “dark morph”. The pale morph (Florida and Georgia) has males with abdominal segments 1–4 yellowish and remaining tergites darker (Fig. 16); female (Fig. 25) with all tergites largely yellowish with brown posterior margins on tergites 1–3 (only one pale female studied so color variation undocumented). One male specimen examined from North Carolina with damaged terminalia (tergite 9 and apices of gonostyli missing) has the apically truncate lateral lobes of the gonocoxites typical of <i>A. flavidum</i> and is thus believed to represent this species. This specimen has the abdominal tergites mostly dark brown with only tergite 4 yellowish; a color pattern unknown from the few specimens examined from further south in Georgia and Florida. However, specimens from Texas with intact male terminalia were also of this darker color morph (all tergites brown except tergite 4 yellowish) which matches abdominal color of some specimens of <i>A. montanum</i>. Females of the darker color morph have abdominal tergites 1–3 brown and remainder yellowish. No morphological differences could be found between the darker and lighter color morphs and while they are considered to be conspecific, the type series is restricted to specimens of the paler form.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b> (Fig. 85). Southeastern USA; material was examined from North Carolina Georgia, Florida, and Texas.</p> <p> <b>Biology</b>. In the Cross Timbers and Prairies Ecological Region of Texas (https://tpwd.texas.gov/landwater/land/ habitats/cross_timbers/ecoregions/cross_timbers.phtml) this species has been collected along an intermittent stream with Cedar Elm (<i>Ulmus crassifolia</i> Nutt.) as the primary canopy tree and was observed visiting the flowers of Carolina Buckthorn (<i>Frangula caroliniana</i> (Walter) A. Gray) (R. Pfau, pers. comm. Aug. 2023 and iNaturalist observation: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/161738855).</p>Published as part of <i>Fitzgerald, Scott J., 2023, The Nearctic species of Asindulum Latreille and Macrorrhyncha Winnertz (Diptera: Keroplatidae), pp. 72-106 in Zootaxa 5351 (1)</i> on pages 80-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5351.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8391146">http://zenodo.org/record/8391146</a>
Perception of Comfort during Active and Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Double Blind Study.
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