1,721,054 research outputs found
Beyond Liability: Debiasing Through Tort Law
No full textOverconfidence is an overestimation of one’s own ability that is often associated with an underestimation of risks and inflated estimation of one’s future success. Debiasing overconfidence through tort law is not an easy task. If people tend to believe that risks are less likely to materialize for themselves than for others, they inadequately react to legal threats and incentives. For example, overconfidence may lead to the assumption of excessive risks, undermining the deterrent effect of liability rules, even if parties are provided accurate information about statistical facts
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complexes for nasal delivery of antipsychotic drugs.
No full textNovel formulations and new routes of administration for psychotropic drugs can
offer advantages over older formulations in terms of effcacy, tolerability and
compliance. Short-acting and long-acting preparations are useful alternatives
to the traditional formulations, which can provide more acceptable forms of
medication for patients [1]. Recently nasal mucoadhesive systems have been
investigated with the aim of altering the pharmacokinetics of orally and par-
enterally administered drugs in a fashion that can enhance their pharmacologic
profiles [2]. Infact, the large surface area, porous endothelial basement mem-
brane, high total blood
ow of the nasal mucosa ensure a rapid absorption of
compounds under circumvention of the hepatic first-pass metabolism. Moreover,
the accessibility of the nasal route provides a quick and easy self-medication
when compared to other routes, thus improving patient compliance. A major
problem of nasal drug delivery is the mucociliary clearance mechanism that
rapidly removes non-mucoadhesive applied dosage forms from the absorption
site. Mucoadhesive polymers can be used to prevent the rapid clearance of the
drug formulation increasing the nasal residence time and thereby allowing longer
absorption times. The purpose of this study was the preparation and character-
ization of mucoadhesive nasal inserts based on chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte
complexes [3, 4] for antipsychotic drug delivery. A suspension of chitosan/pectin
complexes with or without the model drug (chlorpromazine hydrochloride) was
lyophilized into small inserts. Complexation yield, FT-IR spectra and TGA
thermograms were analysed to study the degree of interactive strength between
polyions. Morphological characteristics, in-vitro swelling, mucoadhe-
sion, release and permeation tests were performed in order to investigate insert
ability to deliver antipsychotic agents in the nasal cavity. The results showed
that higher amount of pectin in the complexes provides greater water uptake
particularly at alkaline pH due to the very low degree of interaction between the
two polymers and the great amount of free negative charges. Moreover, poly-
electrolyte complexes containing high percentages of pectin showed the best in
vitro mucoadhesion capacity due to their great swelling ability. Finally, the
presence of increasing amounts of pectin allowed the interaction with chlorpro-
mazine inducing the formation of less rehydratable inserts thus limiting drug
release. This investigation verified the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes
between chitosan and pectin at pH values in the vicinity of the pKa interval of
the two polymers and confirmed the potential of these complexes, capable of
achieving antipsychotic drug delivery in the nasal cavity.
[1] S. Keith, 2006. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 30, 996-
1008.
[2] L. Illum, 2003. J. Control. Release 87, 187-198.
[3] F. Bigucci et al., 2008. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 35(5), 435-441.
[4] B. Luppi et al., 2009. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 61(2), 151-157
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Optimal Timing of Legal Intervention: The Role of Timing Rules
Get PDFIn a recent article on the Harvard Law Review, Jacob E. Gersen and Eric A. Posner investigate the optimal timing of legislative action and examine the role of timing rules in constraining legislative action. This article considers a quite relevant topic, which thus far lacked a systematic treatment in the literature. As Gersen and Posner point out, decisions about the timing of legal intervention are often as important as decisions about the content of new law. Yet, the attention given to this issue is disproportionately small in the literature. Gersen and Posner successfully fill this gap in the literature, providing a comprehensive and coherent discussion of the various constitutional, economic, practical and theoretical issues, developing a very interesting normative framework on the optimal timing of legislation. In Section 1, of this comment we identify some of the issues that become relevant when considering the optimal timing of lawmaking. In Section 2, we touch upon some of the points discussed in Gersen and Posner, identifying some missed opportunities and formulate suggestions for future extensions
Basilea 2 e l’accesso delle cooperative al credito
No full textIl presente articolo investiga il ruolo della forma cooperativa nella valutazione della probabilità di default a seguito dell'introduzione degli Accordi di Basilea 2
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