485 research outputs found
Lon Forbush letter to UW President Raymond B. Allen concerning the dismissal of University of Washington professors, February 11, 1949
No full textDocument related to the Canwell Committee hearings.
In this letter Lon Forbush, Executive Vice-President of the Seattle Real Estate Board, writes to Dr. Raymond B. Allen, President of the University of Washington, concerning a resolution in favor of Allen’s decision to fire three university professors due to their communist party affiliations. Forbush states “…Directors of the Seattle Real Estate Board at the meeting this week passed resolution in praise of the work you have done with respect to the subversive elements in the University of Washington. They also commend the Regents of the University for their vigorous stand with regard to Communism in our educational system and institutions of higher learning in the State of Washington.”Raymond B. Allen received his Ph.D. and MD from University of Minnesota. He became President of the University of Washington in 1946 until 1951. While President of the University of Washington he dealt with the Un-American Activities Committee and subsequently dismissed three professors for their affiliation with the Communist Party. He served as the first Chancellor of University of California, Los Angeles from 1951 to 1959.
Lon Forbush was the Executive Vice President of the Seattle Real Estate Board.
The Interim Committee on Un-American Activities (Canwell Committee) operated from 1947-1949. It was a special exploratory committee of the Washington State Legislature which investigated the influence of the Communist Party in Washington State, most notably at the University of Washington. During the years the committee was active it subpoenaed and took to trial 12 of the University’s professors, three of whom were dismissed from the university for having Communist affiliations and three of whom were put on probation for years after the incident occurred
Intramolecular and intermolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer in fluorescent protein-tagged Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1): sensitivity to regulatory conformational change and cell volume.
No full textExon loss accounts for differential sorting of Na-K-Cl cotransporters in polarized epithelial cells.
No full textChanges in cloud cover associated with Forbush decreases of galactic cosmic rays
No full textThe results of a study to quantify the relationship between cloud cover and short-term Forbush decreases (FD) of galactic cosmic ray flux are presented. Using an extensive record of global satellite-derived cloud products from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Dl data series, epoch superposition analysis of a sample of FD events is conducted. This analysis is conducted at a range of spatial scales from global, through 5° geomagnetic latitude bands to a global grid with 2.5° resolution. Resulting cloud anomalies are tested for significance using a randomized Monte Carlo experiment. The results indicate a small but significant (at 0.001 probability level) decline in the global proportion of cloud cover (of up to 1.4%) immediately prior to and following FD events. Analysis of data averaged over geomagnetic latitude (φ) bands reveals that significant cloud anomalies are concentrated in the high latitudes. A substantial (small) decline in cloud cover occurs at Southern (Northern) Hemisphere polar latitudes and is accompanied by a small but significant increase near φ = 30°N. The high-latitude anomalies occur largely in the high-level cloud and are particularly pronounced (up to −30%) in the uppermost cloud (occurring at 10–180 mbar) over Antarctica. In contrast, analysis using a sample of FD events associated with solar proton events shows no statistically significant cloud anomalies. A discussion of possible explanations of the results is provided
Precursory Signs of Large Forbush Decreases
No full textThe study of space-weather effects and more specifically Forbush decreases of the cosmic-ray intensity depends on space and ground measurements. Very often Forbush decreases and geomagnetic storms are accompanied by pre-increases and/or pre-decreases manifested in cosmic-ray behavior, known as precursory signs. These cosmic-ray intensity variations do not coincide with the shock arrival but begin well before (up to 24 hours) the onset of the main event. In this study a group of large Forbush decreases with amplitude ≥ 4% was examined for precursors. According to the helio-longitude of the solar source, the events were separated into three categories: western (21 ∘≤ helio-longitude ≤ 60∘), eastern (− 60 ∘≤ helio-longitude ≤ − 21 ∘), and central (− 20 ∘≤ helio-longitude ≤ 20 ∘). The selected events cover 1967 – 2017. The analysis of the Forbush decreases and the plotting of the asymptotic longitudinal cosmic-ray distribution diagrams were based on the “Global Survey Method” and the “Ring of Stations” method, respectively. Data on solar flares, solar-wind speed, interplanetary magnetic field, and geomagnetic indices (Kp and Dst) were also used. The results show the clear signs of precursors in a significant number of events. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V
Precursory Signs of Large Forbush Decreases: The Criterion of Anisotropy
No full textThe study of precursors preceding Forbush decreases belongs to the applied side of space research and to a relatively new area of modern science, that of Space Weather. Moreover, it is a pioneering and innovative research field with interesting results. In the framework of the above, the Athens Cosmic Ray Group of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA) and the Cosmic Ray Group of the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IZMIRAN) have collaborated in investigating predecreases and/or preincreases of the cosmic-ray intensity before the development of a Forbush decrease, that could serve as precursory signs of the upcoming event and consequently play a significant role in the prediction of cosmic-ray and geomagnetic activity. In this work, the criterion of the increased anisotropy one hour before the onset of the event (Axyb, %) is being examined for large Forbush decreases. Specifically, Forbush decreases with magnitude greater than 5%, accompanied with geomagnetic storms (i.e., geomagnetic index Dst < −100 nT and 5 ≤ Kp-index ≤ 9) and characterized by Axyb≥ 0.8% were analyzed. The catalog of Forbush Effects and Interplanetary Disturbances of IZMIRAN was used for analyzing the solar, interplanetary, and geomagnetic conditions during each event. Additionally, for a visual inspection of the precursory signs in each event the Ring of Stations method (i.e., asymptotic longitude–time diagram) was applied. Results revealed that the increased anisotropy one hour before the main phase of the Forbush decrease is a valid and reliable criterion of precursors that can be eventually used in the development of a Forbush decrease prognosis application tool. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024
Model of optical response of marine aerosols to Forbush decreases
No full textIn order to elucidate the effect of galactic cosmic rays on cloud formation, we investigate the optical response of marine aerosols to Forbush decreases - abrupt decreases in galactic cosmic rays - by means of modeling. We vary the nucleation rate of new aerosols, in a sectional coagulation and condensation model, according to changes in ionization by the Forbush decrease. From the resulting size distribution we then calculate the aerosol optical thickness and Angstrom exponent, for the wavelength pairs 350, 450 nm and 550, 900 nm. In the cases where the output parameters from the model seem to compare best with atmospheric observations we observe, for the shorter wavelength pair, a change in Angstrom exponent, following the Forbush Decrease, of -6 to +3%. In some cases we also observe a delay in the change of Angstrom exponent, compared to the maximum of the Forbush decrease, which is caused by different sensitivities of the probing wavelengths to changes in aerosol number concentration and size. For the long wavelengths these changes are generally smaller. The types and magnitude of change is investigated for a suite of nucleation rates, condensable gas production rates, and aerosol loss rates. Furthermore we compare the model output with observations of 5 of the largest Forbush decreases after year 2000. For the 350, 450 nm pair we use AERONET data and find a comparable change in signal while the Angstrom Exponent is lower in the model than in the data, due to AERONET being mainly sampled over land. For 550, 900 nm we compare with both AERONET and MODIS and find little to no response in both model and observations. In summary our study shows that the optical properties of aerosols show a distinct response to Forbush Decreases, assuming that the nucleation of fresh aerosols is driven by ions. Shorter wavelengths seem more favorable for observing these effects and great care should be taken when analyzing observations, in order to avoid the signal being drowned out by noise
Morphology of the March 23, 1966, Forbush decrease
No full text A three-dimensional analysis of anisotropies occurring in a major Forbush decrease is presented. The onset of the decrease is first detected at the earth from a direction 90° east of the sun–earth line. </jats:p
Anisotropy in cosmic-ray intensity associated with Forbush decreases
No full text A study of the Forbush decrease of 23 September 1966 shows that the predecrease anisotropy developed from a direction 85° to the west of the sun–earth line. The rate of development of the anisotropy suggests that the "turbulent" plasma producing the Forbush decrease occupied a volume of diameter ≈0.2–0.3 AU. If the plasma clouds away from the earth produced the anisotropy at the earth, then it is reasonable to attribute a part of the highly variable daily variation in cosmic-ray intensity to such distant scattering centers. </jats:p
[3H]bumetanide binding to mouse kidney membranes: identification of corresponding membrane proteins
No full textCrude plasma membranes from whole mouse kidneys have two classes of [3H]bumetanide binding sites. High-affinity sites (K1/2 approximately equal to 0.04 microM; Bmax = 1-2 pmol/mg protein) are similar to those identified on dog kidney membranes (B. Forbush and H.C. Palfrey. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 11787-11792, 1983) both with respect to affinity and in that Na, K, and Cl are required for [3H]bumetanide binding. Low-affinity sites (K1/2 approximately equal to 1 microM; Bmax = 7-14 pmol/mg) are unaffected by removal of these ions; such sites are not seen with dog kidney. When mouse kidney membranes are photolabeled with 4-[3H]benzoyl-5-sulfamoyl-3-(3-thenyloxy)benzoic acid [( 3H]BSTBA), a photoreactive bumetanide analogue, specific incorporation of the label is seen in two regions. As with dog kidney [M. Haas and B. Forbush. Am. J. Physiol. 253 (Cell Physiol. 22): C243-C252, 1987], an approximately 150-kDa protein is labeled with high affinity (K1/2 approximately equal to 0.05 microM). This labeling also requires Na, K, and Cl and appears to correspond to the high-affinity [3H]bumetanide binding sites and to the Na-K-Cl cotransport system. A second peak of [3H]BSTBA photolabeling, centered at approximately 75 kDa, incorporates the label with lower affinity (K1/2 = 2-3 microM). The photolabeling at approximately 75 kDa is unaffected by Na, K, and Cl concentrations and thus may correspond, at least in part, to the low-affinity [3H]bumetanide binding sites. Western blot analysis of [3H]BSTBA-labeled mouse kidney membranes was performed using an antiserum raised to proteins of approximately 82 and approximately 39 kDa isolated from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells using a bumetanide affinity gel (P. B. Dunham, F. Jessen, and E. K. Hoffmann. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6828-6832, 1990). This antiserum cross-reacts with a approximately 150-kDa mouse kidney protein, the staining profile of which on Western blot corresponds very closely to the peak of specific [3H]BSTBA incorporation in this region. The antiserum also reacts with proteins in the range of 65-85 kDa, overlapping the low-affinity peak of [3H]BSTBA incorporation.</jats:p
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