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    Two alien invasive acacias in Italy : Differences and similarities in their flowering and insect visitors

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    In Italy, alien acacias have been introduced for ornamental and reforestation purposes, and some species became invasive occupying patches of the Mediterranean landscape. On the Island of Elba (Central Italy), Acacia dealbata and A. pycnantha form dense stands at short distance, showing an impressive massive flowering at the end of the winter/early spring. Our aim was to investigate the behaviour of the two species in relation to the flowering features, from phenology to floral characteristics, and their replay to the observed flower visitors. Differences between the two species emerged on all the parameters considered. A. pycnantha peak of flowering occurred later than A. dealbata and showed larger flower heads (FHs), more flowers/head, stamens/flower and polyads. On A. dealbata, we recorded longer racemes and more FHs/raceme, determining a more flower-dense crown. Even if contacts with flower visitors were generally low on both species, A. dealbata showed a more heterogeneous visitor assemblage. Both acacias species interacted with local generalist pollinators, as bumblebees and honey bees. Flower handling and resource collection strategy by the honey bee indicate a long-term relationship between the bee and the acacias, with bees investing longer time on the larger A. pycnantha flower heads

    A checklist of the alien flora of the Tuscan Archipelago (Italy)

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    Biological invasions represent one of the major threats to biodiversity. Their impact is considered to be even higher in the island ecosystems, especially in Mediterranean ones, which host a very high diversity. Moreover nowadays the global changes and the local changes in the socio-economic drivers of these island enhanced human impact on the insular biota, also leading to an increase in alien species introductions and in a shift in the introduction pathways. In this framework, checklists of alien species represent a valuable tool for monitor the invasion process at a local scale. Aim of this paper is to provide an updated Checklist of the alien flora of the Tuscan Archipelago, also reporting some important information such year of first and more recent record and invasion status for each island. Intense field surveys were made to verify the presence of the reported species and detect the presence of new arrivals. The Checklist includes a total of 141 taxa belonging to 101 genera in 49 families. 31 taxa are considered invasive, 62 naturalized and 48 casual. Most of the species were introduced for ornamental purpose, according to socio-economical changes which nowadays see the tourism as the main economic driver in the Archipelago

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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