52 research outputs found
Impact of changed feeding behaviour of An. funestus on malaria transmission in southern Tanzania
No full textA research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Biology and Control of African Disease
Vectors.
Johannesburg, February 2012In Tanzania both Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l. play a role as major vectors of malaria. Different species exist in the An. funestus group and the An. gambiae complex and play different roles in disease transmission. For malaria vector control programmes knowledge of vector species and their behaviour is key. A recent report on increased exophagy of An. funestus in southern rural Tanzania as a response to increased use of insecticide treated bed nets raised the question of whether there was misidentification of species and/or behavioural insecticide resistance playing a part. The present study used molecular tools to identify the species and determine human biting rates indoors and outdoors along with development and field evaluation of a new tool for sampling malaria vectors which is more effective than human landing catches.
The results showed that the majority (96.2%) of the An. funestus group that were collected were An. funestus s.s. by PCR assay. Also, the exophagic proportion (45.9%) of An. funestus was lower than the endophagic proportion (54.1%), similar to other places in Africa, although in this study the difference was insignificant when untreated bed nets and treated bed nets were used. In addition, there was significant outdoor biting activity early in the evening that could lead to the malaria transmission cycle being unaffected by ITNs. The new trap, “Sticky Bucket Trap”, caught considerably fewer mosquitoes (14.2%) than that caught by human landing catches (85.8%), with statistical significance of P>0.05. These results imply that the sticky bucket trap is not a suitable substitute for human landing catches and some modifications are needed to make it more effective. Whereas indoor and outdoor
proportions insignificant difference in feeding preference imply that both indoor and outdoor interventions should be used to control this vector
Effective Autodissemination of Pyriproxyfen to Breeding Sites by the Exophilic Malaria Vector Anopheles Arabiensis in Semi-Field Settings in Tanzania.
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Malaria vector control strategies that target adult female mosquitoes are challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance and behavioural resilience. Conventional larviciding is restricted by high operational costs and inadequate knowledge of mosquito-breeding habitats in rural settings that might be overcome by the juvenile hormone analogue, Pyriproxyfen (PPF). This study assessed the potential for Anopheles arabiensis to pick up and transfer lethal doses of PPF from contamination sites to their breeding habitats (i.e. autodissemination of PPF). A semi-field system (SFS) with four identical separate chambers was used to evaluate PPF-treated clay pots for delivering PPF to resting adult female mosquitoes for subsequent autodissemination to artificial breeding habitats within the chambers. In each chamber, a tethered cow provided blood meals to laboratory-reared, unfed female An. arabiensis released in the SFS. In PPF-treated chambers, clay pot linings were dusted with 0.2 - 0.3 g AI PPF per pot. Pupae were removed from the artificial habitats daily, and emergence rates calculated. Impact of PPF on emergence was determined by comparing treatment with an appropriate control group. Mean (95%CI) adult emergence rates were (0.21 +/- 0.299) and (0.95 +/- 0.39) from PPF-treated and controls respectively (p < 0.0001). Laboratory bioassay of water samples from artificial habitats in these experiments resulted in significantly lower emergence rates in treated chambers (0.16 +/- 0.23) compared to controls 0.97 +/- 0.05) (p < 0.0001). In experiments where no mosquitoes introduced, there were no significant differences between control and treatment, indicating that transfer of PPF to breeding sites only occurred when mosquitoes were present; i.e. that autodissemination had occurred. Treatment of a single clay pot reduced adult emergence in six habitats to (0.34 +/- 0.13) compared to (0.98 +/- 0.02) in the controls (p < 0.0001), showing a high level of habitats coverage amplification of the autodissemination event. The study provides proof of principle for the autodissemination of PPF to breeding habitats by malaria vectors. These findings highlight the potential for this technique for outdoor control of malaria vectors and call for the testing of this technique in field trials.\u
The Impact of Military and Political Situation in Iraq on Syrian Foreign Policy
No full textThe author examines the Syrian position towards the 2003 conflict in Iraq and the impact of the conflict on foreign and domestic Syrian policy. The author reveals the influence of the situation on the process of Middle East settlement, on the plan of Big Middle East building, as well as on U.S. plans on de-escalation of the USA presence in the region
Влияние военно-политической ситуации в Ираке на внешнюю политику Сирии
No full textThe author examines the Syrian position towards the 2003 conflict in Iraq and the impact of the conflict on foreign and domestic Syrian policy. The author reveals the influence of the situation on the process of Middle East settlement, on the plan of Big Middle East building, as well as on U.S. plans on de-escalation of the USA presence in the region.Автор анализирует позицию Сирийской Арабской Республики в иракском конфликте 2003 г. и его влияние на формирование внутренней и внешней политики страны. Показано влияние данного конфликта на характер и ход процесса ближневосточного урегулирования, формирование плана построения Большого Ближнего Востока, а также на свертывание планов США по увеличению своего присутствия в регионе
Saudi Arabia Policy after the Iraq War
No full textThe author analyses Saudi Arabia position in the conflict on the Middle East, examines the influence of this conflict on the formation of the country's domestic and foreign policy
1990-1991 Kuwait Crisis and its Influence on the Iraq-Russian Relations
No full textThe Soviet Union position in Iraq-Kuwait 1990 conflict and character of its influence on Moscow-Baghdad relations are analyzed. The author shows, what arguments the Soviet Union and the majority of the countries of the world considered as the reason to condemn the Iraq army actions
Политика Саудовской Аравии после войны в Ираке
No full textThe author analyses Saudi Arabia position in the conflict on the Middle East, examines the influence of this conflict on the formation of the country's domestic and foreign policy.Автор анализирует позицию Саудовской Аравии в ближневосточном конфликте, а также влияние этого конфликта на формирование внутренней и внешней политики страны
Кувейтский кризис 1990-1991 годов и его влияние на иракско-российские отношения
No full textThe Soviet Union position in Iraq-Kuwait 1990 conflict and character of its influence on Moscow-Baghdad relations are analyzed. The author shows, what arguments the Soviet Union and the majority of the countries of the world considered as the reason to condemn the Iraq army actions.В статье анализируется позиция Советского Союза в иракско-кувейтском конфликте в 1990 году, влияние этого конфликта на отношения между Москвой и Багдадом. Автор показывает, какие доводы стали основными при осуждении Советским Союзом и большинством стран мира действий иракской армии
O difícil fazer de uma edição crítica de um manuscrito medieval: relato de uma experiência
No full textDetailed narrative of the author deals with Portuguese medieval manuscripts, larded with aspects of their academic life: the undergraduate program, where she was a student of Nelson Rossi, and produced together, edition and glossary of O Livro das Aves (1965); the Master’s work, with guidance of Nelson Rossi – reading, critical apparatus and glossary of book 2 of Os Diálogos de São Gregório, the life of St Benedict – 1965 (Unb); the Doctoral work, with grant from the Gulbenkian Foundation, in Portugal and Brazil, with guidance from Luís Filipe Lindley Cintra and Isaac Nicolau Salum-ending Edition of 4 books and history of manuscripts – 1971 (USP); the Postdoctoral fellow, with guidance of Celso Cunha – linguistic description of the version A of Os Diálogos de São Gregório, which resulted in the book Estruturas Trecentistas – 1982 (UFRJ); rise of PROHPOR, the research group that she has founded, in partnership, in 1990 (UFBA).Narrativa circunstanciada da lida da autora com manuscritos medievais portugueses, entremeada de aspectos da sua vida acadêmica: o curso de graduação, em que foi aluna de Nelson Rossi, e produziu, em conjunto, a edição e glossário do Livro das Aves (publicado em 1965); o trabalho de Mestrado, com orientação de Nelson Rossi – leitura, aparato crítico e glossário do livro 2 de Os diálogos de São Gregório, a vida de São Bento – 1965 (Unb); o trabalho de Doutorado, com bolsa da Gulbenkian, em Portugal e no Brasil, com orientação de Luís Filipe Lindley Cintra e Isaac Nicolau Salum – término da edição dos 4 livros e história dos manuscritos – 1971 (USP); o Pós-doutorado, com orientação de Celso Cunha – descrição linguística da versão A dos Diálogos, que resultou no livro Estruturas Trecentistas – 1982 (UFRJ); surgimento do PROHPOR, grupo de pesquisa que fundou, em parceria, em 1990 (UFBA)
Étude comparative de la couverture sociale des agriculteurs en France et au Brésil
No full textThe author of this thesis analyses the social coverage of farmers in France and Brazil. He examines the differences and similarities in social policies, social security systems and protection mechanisms specific to these two countries. The study highlights the challenges faced by farmers in accessing social protection, particularly in terms of health coverage, retirement and work safety. In France, the social protection system for farmers is managed by the “Mutualité sociale Agricole (MSA)”, offering comprehensive social coverage but facing financing and reform challenges. In Brazil, farmers are often excluded from the formal social security system, relying more on specific social assistance programs and public policies. This comparative analysis is of the utmost importance. On the one hand, it provides a better understanding of the complex dynamics that influence farmers' social protection, including economic, political and cultural factors. On the other hand, it underlines the importance of adapted public policies to guarantee effective and equitable social protection for agricultural workers, who play a crucial role in the food security and economic development of countries. Finally, this study offers perspectives for improving social policies and protection mechanisms for farmers, both in France and in Brazil, in order to meet the specific needs of this essential sector for society.L'auteur de la présente thèse analyse la couverture sociale des agriculteurs en France et au Brésil de manière comparative. Il examine les différences et similitudes dans les politiques sociales, les systèmes de Sécurité sociale et les dispositifs de protection spécifiques à ces deux pays. L'étude met en lumière les défis rencontrés par les agriculteurs dans l'accès à la protection sociale, notamment en termes de couverture santé, de retraite et de sécurité au travail. En France, le régime de protection sociale des agriculteurs est géré par la Mutualité sociale agricole (MSA), offrant une couverture sociale complète mais confrontée à des enjeux de financement et de réforme. Au Brésil, les agriculteurs sont souvent exclus du système de sécurité sociale formel, dépendant davantage de programmes d'assistance sociale et de politiques publiques spécifiques. Cette analyse comparative revêt une importance capitale. D'une part, elle permet de mieux comprendre les dynamiques complexes qui influent sur la protection sociale des agriculteurs, y compris les facteurs économiques, politiques et culturels. D'autre part, elle souligne l'importance de politiques publiques adaptées pour garantir une protection sociale efficace et équitable pour les travailleurs agricoles, qui jouent un rôle crucial dans la sécurité alimentaire et le développement économique des pays. Enfin, cette étude offre des perspectives pour l'amélioration des politiques sociales et des mécanismes de protection des agriculteurs, tant en France qu'au Brésil, afin de répondre aux besoins spécifiques de ce secteur essentiel à la société
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