1,720,973 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK GORENG BEKAS DALAM REAKTOR TANGKI ALIR BERPENGADUK
Full text linkTelah dilakukan penelitian pembuatan biodiesel dari minyak goreng bekas dan metanol denganKOH sebagai katalis. Biodiesel diproduksi dalam reaktor tangki alir berpengaduk (RATB) padasuhu 60 0C, kecepatan pengadukan 800 rpm dan waktu tinggal 60 menit. Biodiesel yang dihasilkanmemiliki sifat fisik sebagai berikut : spesik grafiti 0,8898 ; viskositas 5,6263 CSt ; titik tuang 33,4oF ; titik nyala 253 oF ; Sisa karbon residu 2,0827 %; warna 1,5 ; kandungan air 0,16 % dan nilaikalor 9427 kal/g. Secara umum sifat fisik biodiesel memenuhi standar bahan bakar solar.Disimpulkan bahwa RATB dapat digunakan sebagai reaktor untuk memproduksi biodiesel.
Sumber energi utama yang digunakan di berbagai negara saat ini adalah minyak bumi. Dengan banyaknya eksploitasi yang dilakukan, maka keberadaannya semakin terancam dan harganya akan meningkat secara tajam. Hal ini disebabkan minyak bumi merupakan sumber daya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui. Dari berbagai jenis produk olahan minyak bumi yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar, yang paling banyak digunakan adalah bahan bakar diesel. Hal ini disebabkan karena kebanyakan alat transportasi, alat pertanian, peralatan berat dan penggerak generator pembangkit listrik menggunakan bahan bakar ini.
Berbagai usaha telah dilakukan untuk mencari energi aternatif pengganti bahan bakar diesel. Biodiesel merupakan bahan yang sangat potensial digunakan sebagai penggantinya. Hal ini disebabkan karena bahan bakunya yang
berasal dari minyak nabati dapat diperbaharui, dapat dihasilkan secara periodik dan mudah diperoleh. Selain itu harganya relatif stabil dan produksinya mudah disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan. Dari segi lingkungan biodiesel juga merupakan bahan yang biodegradability dan emisi polutannya relatif kecil, karena kadar hidrokarbon yang tidak terbakar dan CO-nya lebih rendah, serta bebas emisi SO2 bila dibakar (Noureddini, H, and Zhu, D., 1997)
Viskositas yang tinggi dari minyak nabati disebabkan karena adanya percabangan pada rantai karbonnya yang cenderung panjang. Untuk mengurangi viskositasnya, minyak nabati dapat direaksikan dengan alkohol rantai pendek menghasilkan ester (biodiesel) dan gliserol. Untuk mempercepat reaksi dapat ditambahkan katalis asam, basa atau penukar ion. Katalis basa memiliki banyak keunggulan dibandingkan katalis asam
dan penukar ion, diantaranya konversi yang dihasilkan lebih besar dan suhu operasi lebih rendah (Swern, 1982).
Alkohol rantai pendek yang dapat digunakan adalah metanol dan etanol. Metanol memiliki reaktifitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan etanol. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang sama, jumlah etanol yang dibutuhkan lebih besar dari jumlah metanol yaitu sekitar 1,4 kali jumlah metanol. Dari segi biaya, harga metanol lebih murah dibandingkan etanol. Kelemahan metanol terletak pada keamanan penggunaannya. Metanol bersifat beracun dan dapat menyebabkan perih pada mata.
Untuk mengidentifikasi kualitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan, perlu dilakukan pengujian sifat-sifat fisisnya. Uji sifat fisis ini perlu dilakukan untuk menghindari kerusakan alat dan kerugian lain yang mungkin timbul akibat penggunaan bahan bakar ini. Biodiesel yang dihasilkan nanti diarahkan untuk menggantikan bahan bakar solar, karena bahan bakar ini digunakan langsung oleh masyarakat sehingga nantinya diharapkan masyarakat dapat memproduksi sendiri. Untuk itu sifat- sifat biodiesel yang dihasilkan disesuaikan dengan standar bahan bakar solar.
Salah satu kendala yang dihadapi dalam penggunaan biodiesel sekarang ini adalah harganya yang lebih mahal dari bahan bakar
solar. Untuk itu diperlukan cara untuk menekan biaya produksi biodiesel. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan adalah menggunakan bahan baku yang berasal dari minyak goreng bekas. Minyak ini secara ekonomis sudah tidak diperhitungkan lagi dan cenderung dibuang sebagai limbah karena selain merusak citra makanan yang diolah juga dapat merusak kesehatan manusia.
Lestari (1997) melakukan analisa terhadap minyak goreng bekas yang akan di proses menjadi biodiesel. Dari analisa yang dilakukan didapatkan asam lemak penyusun minyak goreng bekas adalah asam palmitat 0,9194 %, asam oleat 0,0437 %, asam margarat 40,3816 %, asam stearat 0,0943 % dan asam linoleat 58,5611 %.
Berbagai penelitian sudah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan biodiesel dari minyak goreng bekas. Penelitian selama ini hanya menggunakan proses secara batch. Dari segi ekonomi proses ini kurang menguntungkan karena biaya investasi lebih mahal dan membutuhkan volume reaktor yang besar. Selain itu juga membutuhkan waktu untuk start-up dan shut-down proses (Darnoko dan Cheryan, 2000). Untuk itu perlu dilakukan proses secara sinambung sehingga dapat mereduksi biaya, volume reaktor dan waktu proses (Westertern, et all, 1984)
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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