1,720,954 research outputs found
Pra Desain Pabrik Ekstrak Kulit Manggis Sebagai Obat Herbal Dengan Metode Microwaved Assisted Extraction
No full textManggis (Garcinia Mangostana) adalah anggota dari genus Garcinia, yang terutama tumbuh di Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Filipina dan negara-negara Asia Tenggara lainnya. Buah manggis merupakan salah satu buah Indonesia yang menjadi komoditas ekspor karena rasanya menyegarkan dan berasa asam-manis. Daging buah ini sering dikonsumsi segar, sedangkan biji dan kulitnya dibuang dan menjadi limbah. Komponen kimia yang terkandung dalam biji dan kulit manggis, terutama senyawa xanthone, telah dibuktikan sebagai antioksidan yang baik secara in vitro ataupun in vivo. Secara umum proses pembuatan senyawa antioksidan dari kulit manggis meliputi tahap pre-treatment, dan tahap ekstraksi. Pada pra desain pabrik ini, digunakan metode microwave assisted extraction (MAE) dalam proses ekstraksi senyawa bioaktif dalam kulit manggis dengan bantuan solvent campuran air, ethanol, dan etil asetat dengan perbandingan 1:2:2 serta rasio antara solute dan solvent sebesar 1:16. Waktu ekstraksi dilakukan selama 30 menit pada suhu 50 derajat celcius dan tekanan 1 atm. Hasilnya didapatkan ekstrak kulit manggis yang mengandung lebih banyak zat bioaktif hasil dari proses ekstraksi karena zat zat pengotor telah dilarutkan dan dibuang selama proses ekstraksi berlangsung. Pabrik direncanakan akan didirikan di Kabupaten Bogor dengan masa konstruksi selama dua tahun mulai dari tahun 2023 hingga tahun 2025 dan akan mulai beroperasi pada tahun 2026. Diinginkan kapasitas produksi pabrik pada kisaran dua ton per tahun dengan kebutuhan kulit manggis sekitar 2,3 ton per tahunnya. Operasi pabrik dlakukan selama 300 hari per tahun dengan jam kerja harian delapan jam kerja. Utilitas yang digunakan dalam pabrik ini yaitu steam bertekanan sebagai pemanas udara untuk kebutuhan udara kering pada dryer. Sumber investasi pabrik Biodiesel dari Biji Nyamplung berasal dari 30% dana pribadi dan 70% dana pinjaman dari Bank (Bank Mandiri). Dengan perincian analisa ekonomi sebagai berikut: • Net Present Value (NPV) = Rp. 198.325.804.854 • Laju Pengembalian Modal = 33,92 % • Waktu Pengembalian Modal = 1,03 Tahun • Break Even Point = 13 % Dengan hasil analisa ekonomi yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa pabrik layak untuk didirikan.
==================================================================================================================================
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a member of the genus Garcinia, which mainly grows in Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries. Mangosteen fruit is one of the Indonesian fruits which is an export commodity because of its refreshing taste and sweet-sour taste. The flesh of this fruit is often consumed fresh, while the seeds and skin are discarded and become waste. The chemical components contained in mangosteen seeds and skin, especially xanthone compounds, have been shown to be good antioxidants in vitro and in vivo. In general, the process of making antioxidant compounds from mangosteen peel includes the pre-treatment stage, and the extraction stage. In the pre-design of this factory, the microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method was used in the process of extracting bioactive compounds in mangosteen peel with the help of a solvent mixture of water, ethanol and ethyl acetate with a ratio of 1:2:2 and a ratio between solute and solvent of 1:16 . Extraction time was carried out for 30 minutes at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atm. The result was obtained mangosteen peel extract which contains more bioactive substances resulting from the extraction process because the impurities have been dissolved and removed during the extraction process. The factory is planned to be established in Bogor Regency with a construction period of two years starting from 2023 to 2025 and will start operating in 2026. The factory's production capacity is expected to be around two tons per year with a demand for mangosteen peels of around 2.3 tons per year. Factory operations are carried out 300 days per year with an eight-hour daily shift. The utility used in this factory is pressurized steam as an air heater for dry air needs in the dryer. The investment source for the Biodiesel plant from Nyamplung Seeds comes from 30% personal funds and 70% loan funds from the Bank (Bank Mandiri). With details of economic analysis as follows: Net Present Value (NPV) = Rp. 198.325.804.854 • Internal Rate of Return = 33,92 % • Pay Out Time = 1,03 Tahun • Break Even Point = 13 % With the results of the economic analysis that has been carried out, it is concluded that the factory is feasible to establish
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
