158 research outputs found
Sources of Public Finance in an Islamic Economy
No full textSince interest is prohibited in Islam, the government in an Islamic economy cannot issue interest based T-Bills, T-Bonds and/or obtain interest based sovereign debt. Based on the literature review, it is argued that neither Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) nor the pious Caliphates (rta) levied any taxes other than Zakah. Accordingly, this study explores the sources of revenue for a government in an Islamic economy. In discussing sources of tax revenue, it is maintained that Zakah is the only tax the government in an Islamic economy can levy. Nevertheless, the government can charge service/performance based fees, duties, charges etc in providing public goods. Furthermore, the profitable operations of state owned enterprises form an important part of non-tax revenues. It is also analyzed that how the non-profitable public institutions like police and courts will be funded. This study also discusses that how the government can finance its deficit keeping in view that interest is prohibited in Islam and Zakah rates are very low and Zakah base is very narrow as per common understanding. The study also gives brief insights into how much Zakah can be collected in Pakistan. Finally, it suggests that the nominal GDP growth linked rate of return can be used to benchmark domestic and external loans including those from IMF, WB and IDA etc.Public Finance, Taxation, Expenditure, Fiscsl Policy, Deficit Financing, Zakat, Redistribution.
Abul Mansur Ahmed Research Essay 2023
No full textThis is a research essay submitted to the 'Abul Mansur Ahmed Smriti Parishad' in 2023 for primary selection for publication, however, in the end, it was decided by the author not to publish it in the local publisher's policy. Thus the author holds the sole copyright of this article and possesses intellectual property of the work and wishes to publish it in future in reputable platforms.An Intellectual Work on Abul Mansur Ahmed produced by Naywaz Shari
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: The Social Reformer
No full textThis paper discusses the contribution of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad towards development of education in the country. The author remarked that, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad emphasized on the speedy progress of adult education and observed that without education, electorate democracy could not perform the functions expected of it
Da'wah Aqidah Imam Abul Hasan Ali Al-Asy'ari
No full textThis study discusses the da'wah of Aqidah Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Asy'ari. The research objectives based on the formulation of the problem are as follows how to know the preaching of Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Asy'ari's faith and to find out the history of Intellectual Development and the process of spreading da'wah Imam al-Asy'ari. This study uses the library research method or library research using a qualitative approach. The data sources used are primary and secondary data from books written by Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Asy'ari, and supporting books related to research. Data collection techniques by collecting written archives in the form of books that have to do with research problems, which are then analyzed or analyzed. The results obtained that da'wah aqidah Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Asy'ari is one of the schools built on the basis of the existing texts, so that this understanding is often referred to as ‘'Sunni' or 'Ahlussunnah.'' The theological formulation built by Imam al-Asy'ari does not only use rational arguments in the form of mantik or logic with the science of kalam, he also uses the textual argument in the form of the texts of the Qur'an and al-Sunnah as practiced by the hadith experts whom he follows his understanding in developing the faith of Ahlussunnah. From the object of this research, the author found that the preaching of the aqeedah of Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Ash'ari is a form of renewal in the preaching of aqeedah which does have rational or logical arguments that cannot be separated from the Qur'an and as- Sunnah.AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas tentang da'wah Aqidah Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Asy'ari.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengatahui da'wah aqidah Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Asy'ari dan mengetahui sejarah Perkembangan Intelektual dan proses penyebaran da'wah aqidah Imam al-Asy'ari. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode library research atau penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Adapun sumber data yang digunakan adalah data-data primer dan sekunder dari buku-buku yang ditulis oleh Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Asy'ari, serta buku pendukung yang berkaitan dengan penelitian. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan mengumpulkan arsip tertulis berupa buku-buku yang ada hubungannya dengan masalah penelitian, yang kemudian data tersebut di telaah atau dianalisa. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa da'wah aqidah Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Asy'ari merupakan salah satu aliran yang di bangun berdasarkan landasan nash-nash yang ada, sehingga paham ini sering disebut dengan ‘'sunni atau ahlussunnah.'' Rumusan teologi yang dibangun oleh Imam al-Asy'ari tidak hanya menggunakan argument rasional berupa mantik atau logika dengan ilmu kalam, ia juga menggunakan argument tekstual berupa teks-teks al-Qur'an dan al-Sunnah seperti yang dilakukan oleh ahli hadits yang ia ikuti pemahamannya dalam mengembangkan aqidah ahlussunnah. Dari objek penelitian ini, penulis menemukan bahwasannya da'wah aqidah Imam Abul Hasan Ali al-Asy'ari adalah salah satu bentuk pembaharuan dalam da'wah aqidah yang memang memiliki argumentasi rasional atau logika yang tidak terlepas dari al-Qur'an dan as-Sunnah
Abul Fazal\u27s short stories: Social portraits/ আবুল ফজলের ছোটগল্প : সমাজচিত্র
No full textLiterature speaks of society, it speaks of people. Because a writer is the most emotional person in the society. Therefore, any special emotion, crisis, conflict in the life of the society, country, people makes the writer think. Abul Fazal, one of the great 20th century factionalists. He believed that only a writer could be able to express truth in society through his writings. Abul Fazal as a writer has explored various aspects of modern life reality in his short stories such as various crises of society, poverty, mental turmoil, fluctuations of hope and despair. In his short stories, the author depicts the reality of the obstacles that the subtle events of the society create in the way of individual life. On the other hand, short stories are the special medium of expression in literature where fragmentary images of social life are presented in terms of reality. Abul Fazal is a unique genius in drawing this picture
Improvement of shear-bond in composite steel and concrete floor slabs
No full textThis research project studies the horizontal shear-bond between profiled steel sheeting and concrete when used together to form composite floor slabs. After reviewing the existing literature, aspects of the behaviour of such slabs have been studied in different ways. Firstly, a computer programme was written to find the governing failure mechanism of a composite slab. Secondly, another computer programme was written to optimise the design of steel sheeting. The efficiency of the shear-bond transferring device was then studied using small tests developed by the author. These results were compared with those of standard slab tests. From the first computer programme it was found that most of the steel-deck-reinforced slab systems experience the shear-bond mode of failure under higher loading. The programme calculates the sectional properties of the profiled section and the load-span chart. These values have then been compared with values given by the manufacturers. The second programme has been developed from the first to enable material and geometric properties to be varied to increase the efficiency of the profiled sheeting. As an example the effects of varying the thickness of the steel sheeting and the angle of the web to vertical have been studied. Full theoretical interaction between the steel and the concrete was assumed. Because shear-bond is the critical failure mechanism when composite slabs are heavily loaded, ways of increasing the shear-bond interlock between the steel and concrete have been investigated. Ten different types of indentations were pressed on the webs of samples of profiled steel sheeting. Two different indentation depths and a variety of spacings were used. In addition, some specimens had dowel bars passed through holes drilled on the centre-line of the webs, and some specimens had indentations pressed onto the corner intersection of the webs and lower flanges. A series of Push-off tests were performed on these specimens after two blocks of concrete had been cast on them. The maximum shear-bond capacity was recorded by forcing apart the concrete blocks with hydraulic jacks. Six specimens made with plain profiled sheeting were tested similarly to find the chemical bond between the steel and the concrete. Two large British Standard tests were undertaken using the most efficient shear transferring device, the dowel bar. A theoretical approach was followed to correlate the shear-bond capacity of the slabs to the results obtained from the small tests. One specimen with trapezoidal section of width of one pitch was also tested to check the validity of the theoretical approach for trapezoidal sections. The good correlation offers the potential replacement of the expensive shear-bond tests currently in use with these small Push-off tests.</p
Bread and Social Justice : Measurement of Social Welfare and Inequality Using Anthropometrics
No full textThis work was supported by the French National Research Agency Grant ANR-17-EURE-0020, and by the Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University - A*MIDEX. The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers, Sameera Awawda and Gaston Yalonetzky for constructive comments and suggestions. The paper was written in part while Abul Naga was a visitor at AixMarseille Université. The author thanks the IMÉRA Institute of Advanced Studies and the AixMarseille School of Economics for their kind hospitality
Interference of aquatic plants associated with wild rice (Zizania palustril L.)
No full textThe objective of this thesis was to determine the interference
potential of aquatic plants to wild rice (Zizania palustris L. )
through field and laboratory studies. Three companion papers
describe the influence of aquatic plants on growth of wild rice;
the allelopathic potential of aquatic plants and the isolation and
identification of allelochemicals from two selected plants.
The growth of wild rice in the presence cind in the absence of
different plemt species, namely Eleocbaris smallii, Scirpus acutus,
Equisetum fluviatile, Nymphaea odorata, Nupheur variegatum,
Sparganium fluctuans, ttyriophyllum verticillatum and Potamogeton
natans was studied. Number of wild rice plants and their growth
decreased in the presence of different plant species. Environmental
factors had no influence on the growth of wild rice, either in the
presence or absence of different species. It is suggested that the
adverse effects of different species on wild rice may be due to
either their early growth habit, shading the wild rice plant, or to
their allelopathic effects.
The allelopathic potential of the above mentioned plant
species was examined using lettuce and wild rice seedling
bioassays. The root length of lettuce and the total root length of
wild rice seedlings were significantly reduced by aqueous extracts
of these plant species. The lettuce seedling bioassay was more
responsive than that of wild rice. Shoot growth was less affected.
Bioassay with an aqueous extract of lake sediments associated with
these species had little inhibitory effect on growth of wild rice
seedling. The use of teurget species as a bioassay material and
further studies on phytotoxic effect of lake sediments have been
emphasized for evaluating their ecological significemce.
The phytotoxic compounds from water extracts of the rhizome
of Scirpus acutus and the shoot of Eleocbaris smallii were isolated
by ethyl acetate extraction emd identified by GC-Mass spectroscopy.
The ethyl acetate organic fraction of water extract of Scirpus
rhizomes contained lactic, succinic, fumaric, 2-hydroxy succinic,
2-phenyl lactic, m-hydroxy benzoic, p-hydroxy benzoic,
protocatechuic, dehydroêüaietic and ferulic acids; p-hydroxy benzyl
alcohol, p-hydroxy phenyl ethanol and a dye, catechin. The organic
fraction of the extract of Eleocbaris shoots contained 4-methoxy
phenol, benzofuran, benzene acetic acid, l-hydroxy-5-methyl
acetophenone and 1,3,4-dimethoxy phenyl ethanone. The growth
inhibiting properties of some of these compounds under field
conditions are discussed
Abul A‘la Mawdudi’s concept of Hakimiyya and its critical assessment in Islamic legal-political thought
No full textThe article analyzes the legal-political aspects of the concept of hakimiyya (“divine
domination”) devised by the Indo-Pakistani theologian Abul A‘la Mawdudi (1903–1979).
The author asserts that the doctrine of hakimiyya is based upon the recognition that Allah
is the sole subject empowered to provide legislation to the Muslim community directly (the
principle of “legal domination”) and indirectly (the principle of “political domination”).The
doctrine of hakimiyya acquires its political shape as the Islamic state (caliphate), wherein the
Islamic community is entrusted with a limited right to legislation by means of agency (wikala).
Special emphasis is laid on examination into the critical appraisal of the hakimiyya doctrinals
in the modern Islamic legal science. The article explores the objections raised against the
hakimiyya theory by the Indo-Pakistani religious scholars, including Abul Hasan Nadwi and
Wahid al-Din Khan, as well as by a number of modern Arabic legal theorists, such as Hasan al-
Hudaybi, Muhammad ‘Imara, Muhammad Sayyid al-‘Ashmawi, Haydar Ibrahim ‘Ali a.o. The
author concludes that the concept of hakimiyya underlies Mawdudi’s doctrine of the sources
of law and serves as the basis for his theory of the Islamic state, as well as for his concept of the
“renewal of faith” through Islamic revolution
Proposal for a New Economic Framework Based On Islamic Principles
No full textThis book provides a holistic socio-economic framework working in conformity with the Islamic principles. Chapter 2 builds the ground for the proposed framework by discussing the foundations of the ethical precepts of Islam. It discusses the thesis of religion, answers some of the questions in the comparative study of religion and tries to resolve few of the misconceptions about the faith of Islam. Chapter 3 outlines the economic teachings of Islam with regard to earning and spending. It discusses at length the ideals Islam set before its adherents in the ethical sphere of life. The ethical principles are discussed based on the study of relevant Quranic text and the narrations of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Chapter 4 studies the comparative economic systems. It analyzes Capitalism, Socialism, Mixed Economy and Islamic economic system. Chapter 5 introduces the salient features of the proposed economic framework with special focus on fiscal reforms. It discusses the potential of the institution of Zakat to meet fiscal needs of the government and to assist it in doing away with deficit financing, fiscal bleeding, crowding out private sector and reducing deadweight loss by parting the way with private sector so as to ensure market economy operating on its own as far as possible and playing an active regulatory role. Chapter 6 introduces the monetary reforms. It discusses how savings would feature despite discontinuation of interest, how inflation will be checked with central banks not having at their disposal conventional OMO, how liquidity will be managed in banking sector when a central bank wants to inject liquidity or mop up funds. How and to what extent the institution of Zakat would enable the government to meet its fiscal targets and does not crowd out private sector with public borrowing. How balance of payments and exchange rate stability can be managed in an interest free economy. If in the short term, the government or central bank needs alternative source of revenue other than Zakat, they can issue GDP linked bonds. This could replace T-bill and provide a base instrument for OMO and liquidity management in the banking and financial sector. Chapter 7 introduces the currently practiced Islamic Banking and Finance. Since Islamic economic principles have more prominently been used in banking and finance, much of the discussion centers on Islamic banking and finance in lieu of analyzing the existing practices and then in the next chapter, preferable alternatives in areas where shortcoming is observed and need for improvement is felt are suggested. Chapter 8 discusses the financial system in the proposed framework with the role of institutions and the discussion on comprehensive need fulfillment mechanisms to serve every major need of a sophisticated contemporary financial system. Some important novel changes are recommended, such as introduction of options in mortgage financing, which will allow the bank to separate the tenancy and sale contract in a distinctive way. This will still ensure that it locks the sale with the borrower or with the third party without making both contracts dependent on each other. It will benefit the bank as well as the borrower, who will have an option but not an obligation to buy the asset at maturity. The modified role of bank entering in a Mudarabah contract as a “Rabb-ul-maal” (investor) will ensure that the bank takes on operational risk. It will enable the resources to go into productive avenues rather than in financial instruments. This modification will generate employment and productive activities in the economy in a more direct manner. The division of Mudarabah corporate and Mudarabah consumer will target two very distinct markets and will result in channeling of funds from saving surplus units to saving-deficient units. Reforms in equity markets and alternatives for insurance are also suggested. Chapter 9 introduces feasibility and structure of Micro credit as an alternative for interest based micro finance. It discusses how the potential obstacles in the form of lack of trust, funding commitment, lack of collateral arrangement, lack of documentation etc would be handled.Interest Free Economy, Islamic Economy, Islamic Economic System, Islamic Monetary Policy, Islamic Fiscal Policy, Interest, Zakat, Riba, Usury, Development, Redistribution, Economic Systems, Financial System, Financial Intermediation, Saving, Investment.
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