47 research outputs found
Chemical desulphurisation of low rank Mae Moh coal via mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid solution, a mild oxidising treatment / Azil Bahari Alias
No full textCombustion of coals to produ ce energy has created environmental problems such as sulphur, which is converted to S0₂ and S0₃ gases and the ash product. In order to produce a "clean coal" , the pre-treatment processes of sulphur removal from coal have to be effective to remove sulphur and ash without severe affects on the coal microstructure and calorific value. In this study , a mild oxidising treatment of H₂0₂ and HCl mixtures has been identified to remove sulphur and ash from low rank Mae Moh III coal (MM3). The optimum conditions achieved were 30ml 6% (0₂ content) peroxide: 70ml O.lN HCI (reagent volume mixed ratio) with leachin g temperature and time of 50°C and 8 hours , respectively. Under thes e conditions, c.a. 53%, 88%, 100%, 37% and 72% of sulphurtotal, sulphurpyrite, sulphursulphate, sulphur organic and ash were removed with 31% of coal dissolution were achieved , respectivel y. Preliminary study of desulphurisation at elevated pressure was also carried out under the optimal conditions. The results indicated that , sulphurorganic removal of fresh and pyrite-free coals were further increased to 30 and 40%, respectively. Different protic acids mixed with perox ide (H₂S0₄ and HN0₃), coal and single-reagent treatment (unmixed reagent) were also applied under the optimal conditions. The results showed that , mixtures of H₂0₂ : HCl gave higher sulphurtotal removal. Furthermore, it was found that no synergi stic effect was contributed by single-reagent treatment on the desulphurisation of MM3. The mild oxidising treatments slightly affected the coal micro structure as revealed by Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-ray. Likewise, the calorific value of the treat ed coal samples was not affected as analyzed by bomb calorim eter. A kinetic analysis on pyritic remov al reaction of MM3 was found to correlat e well with a second -order rate equation that gave activation energy of 61.4 x 10⁶J kmorl־¹
Oxidation of rice husk, palm fibre and palm fibre char
No full text© 2012 Dr. Azil Bahari Alias AlesThe selection and design of any biomass combustion system is primarily determined by the combustion characteristics of the fuel. It is the thermal energy released by the combustion reactions which drives the entire process. Thus, understanding of the combustion characteristics or oxidation behaviour of the biomass may lead to successful biomass combustion process at larger scale.
This study investigates the oxidation of rice husk, palm fibre and palm fibre char using an evolved gas analysis (EGA) technique. This EGA technique involves heating the biomass and char from 100°C to 500°C at a controlled rate with a constant flow of air. The evolved gas was continually analysed for its oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents. A series of EGA experiments was carried out using rice husk, palm fibre and palm fibre char. By studying how the evolved gas composition varies with temperature, the many oxidation reactions occurring may be grouped into just three simultaneous and competing reaction regimes known as low, medium and high temperature oxidation. The different reaction regimes may be decoupled and the key kinetic parameters such as activation energy for each regime were determined. These not only demonstrated the potential of the EGA technique as a tool to study the biomass oxidation but also provide insights into the effects of variations in pressure, oxygen partial pressure and heating rate for both of the biomass and biomass char.
The oxidation behaviour of both the rice husk and palm fibre was found to be substantially different to that observed for the palm fibre char. The principle difference observed was the number of peaks present in a plot of oxygen consumption versus temperature - two peaks were formed for the both of biomass but EGA experiments consistently shows only one peak for palm fibre char. It was found that the oxygen partial pressure of the oxidising gas in the combustion cell significantly influences the oxidation behaviour. Increasing the partial pressure of the oxygen typically moved the reactions to lower temperatures. The activation energies and peak oxygen consumption temperatures were all found to be linear functions of the oxygen partial pressure of the gas supplied to the reactor. Varying the total pressure of the reaction vessel while keeping the oxygen partial pressure constant did not lead to any significant variations in the reactions parameters
Parametric study of biomass oil (palm kernel shell oil) based bio adhesive formulation: article / Nur ‘Aliah Arish and Azil Bahari Alias
No full textAdhesives are used widely in the wood, metal, paper, leather, rubber and glass industries, the demand for these liquid natural adhesives gradually increased. Biomass is a lignocellulosic material which consists of components such as cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. In commercial wood adhesive, phenol formaldehyde act as the raw material, but this substance is not environmentally friendly, cause pollutant and is harmful to human health. This study will compare the physical and chemical properties of the bio based phenolic resins derived from the palm kernel shell with the reference phenol formaldehyde. Formulating the produced palm kernel shell oil, bio based adhesive on a different set of parameters (temperature, time and catalyst loading) with comparison study to the reference phenol formaldehyde adhesive. The objective of the study is to characterize the physical and chemical properties of bio based phenolic resin from palm kernel shell oil and formulate a bio based adhesive on different set of conditions (temperature, time and catalyst loading. Method of formulation need to be improved in terms of increasing or keeping the amount of phenol required. As far as being studied in this paper, it is by manipulating the set of parameter through resinification reaction of bio based oil
Removal of hydrogen sulphide using hydrogel biochar derived from coal fly ash through multi sorption bed: article / Muhammad Ridhauddin Mohd Said and Azil Bahari Alias
No full textNowadays, great effort has been done on the finding of the utilization of coal fly ash. This is because the amount of coal fly ash generated annually is enormous and has become quite a concern because if it is not disposed properly it might bring a lot of problem to the environment. The objectives of this study were to produce hydrogel biochar coal fly ash (HBC-CFA), study the characteristics of the hydrogel produced, study its efficiency on H2S removal and compare it with hydrogel produced from the biochar of empty fruit bunch. The HBC-CFA was prepared by using several materials which were acrylamide (AAm) as the monomer, N, N’- Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinker and Ammonium Persulphate (APS) as the initiator and raw coal fly ash itself. Analysis equipment that were used in the characterization of HBC-CFA were Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) to study the proximate properties, Elemental Analyzer (EA) to study the ultimate properties, BrunaeurEmmett Teller (BET) to study the surface area and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to study the morphology. For the study on its efficiency of H2S removal two parameters have been chosen which were the effect on bed loading and the effect of wetness. The number of bed used for adsorption was varied from 1 to 3 to study the effect of loading while 3 wet beds loading have been used to study the effect of wetness. For the study on bed loading, 3 beds loading recorded the most H2S gas adsorption with 209ppm adsorption value while for the study on wetness, wet bed recorded the most H2S gas adsorption with 241ppm adsorption value. The study on the comparison on characteristics between HBC-CFA and HBCEFB showed that the HBC-CFA has higher surface area, pore volume and smaller pore diameter which were a good characteristics for and adsorbent. However, HBC-EFB has higher efficiency in H2S removal than HBC-CFA. The recorded value for 3 beds loading for HBC-EFB is 241ppm while for wetness is 262ppm. Both values are higher compared to HBC-CFA
Parametric study of leucaena oil bioadhesive formulation: article
No full textA gradually increase in the value of crude oil and a serious worry about the production of non-renewable energy have encouraged the finding of another renewable sources for fuel, energy and new material production. The aim of this study is to produce and characterize the physical and chemical properties of bio based phenolic resin compound derived from the Leucaena sp. wood by gasification method. This study also carried out to formulate Bio-based phenol formaldehyde adhesive at different condition (temperature, time and catalyst loading) and comparison study with the commercialized petroleum based phenol formaldehyde resole resin adhesive. In order to produce the bio based phenol resin, we use gasification method by using upgraft gasifier reactor while to formulate the phenol formaldehyde which are reaction in the basic condition. The phenol resin and bioadhesive were further analyzed by GC-MS to know the component and composition by percentage in phenolic resin and phenol formaldehyde. The results indicated that the reaction temperature had more effect on the products distribution than the retention time
Production of Biofuel (Bio-Ethanol) from fruitwaste : Banana Peels: article
No full textBioethanol are known as the renewable energy and an economically friendly type of energy where it can replaced the uses of natural gas and also petroleum in the future. Banana peels are classified in fruit waste category where it can be used as the raw material in producing ethanol since it have high content of cellulose and low content of lignin. This study has conducted in order to observe the concentration of ethanol produce from the banana peels through few steps which were pretreatment, hydrolysis and also fermentation process. This study were focusing on the effect of pH value on the concentration ethanol from banana peels. Different pH value has been applied in the hydrolysis process where it is in the range of 4 to 12 in order to observe the optimum pH value in producing ethano
Recycling perception and practice in Shah Alam municipality: article
No full textFast growth in the populace, development and technology has caused the increasing sum of municipal solid waste in Malaysia. To overwhelm this issues, recycling is one of the effective ways. This research objectives are to evaluate the public perception and to analyse practices of recycling in the city of Shah Alam. By 2030, Shah Alam city council aims to achieve ‘Zero Waste’. Thus, with this view, a preliminary investigation is required to be done, which is the main focus of this research. A questionnaire was developed to determine perception and practice of recycling. The survey were being distributed manually and by spreading the link from google.docs to the Shah Alam’s residents. The data collected was analyzed using statistical analysis, minitab software. The result showed that, majority of the Shah Alam’s resident aware and believe that recycling is important. However, low participation of respondent’s on recycling practice despite the fact that high percentage of respondent is knowledgeable on how to recycle solid waste. In Shah Alam municipality, majority of respondents participate in recycling practice due to environmental concern, followed by convenient and economic incentives. Result of the survey showed that lack of awareness about the recycling program and very few educational program about recycling are two mains barriers to sustainable recycling in Shah Alam. This research study found that, more convenient location for bins is the most potential strategy to promote recycling activity. In conclusion, more public participation and awareness need to be held to in order to increase the recycling practice in Shah Alam
Effect of temperature on bio-oil fractions of palm kernel shell thermal distillation
No full textDistillation is an essential thermo chemical process; it mainly depends on temperature which affects mostly the product yield and composition. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of temperature on the characterization of bio-oil liquid fraction derived from palm kernel shell (PKS) bio-oil. The temperatures were 100 °C and 140°C. The higher heating value (HHV) obtained were 28.6MJ/Kg and 31.5MJ/Kg for bio-oil fraction 100°C and 140°C respectively. The GC- MS analysis determined that phenol is the dominant product in bio-oil fractions
Effect of loading and H₂O wetness of hydrogel biochar derived from EFB for H₂S gas sorption: article
No full textHydrogel biochar is the non-toxic, biocompatibility and water absorbent polymeric materials, evaluated for their characterization and ability to absorb hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in gas phase. The H₂S gas is very hazardous gas as it is produced from natural and human-made process and due to its higher density than air, it become more dangerous to the atmosphere. The purpose of conducting this research were to determine the characterization of empty fruit bunch hydrogel biochar, HBC-EFB in removal of H₂S gas and to determine the ability of HBC-EFB in absorption of H₂S gas. In order to achieved the objective of this research, the empty fruit bunch hydrogel biochar (HBC-EFB) was prepared by using acrylamide (AAm) as monomer, with N-N’methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as initiator. The HBC-EFB was characterized by using Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA), Elemental Analyzer (EA), Brunaeur Emmet Teller (BET) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The absorption rate of HBC-EFB was determine by using Multi Sorption Bed. The experimental data showed that the absorption rate of HBC-EFB was efficient when the bed was full up to three bed with 91% absorption in wet condition
Sustainable Power Generation Through Co- Combustion of Agricultural Residues with Coal in Existing Coal Power Plant
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