1,721,016 research outputs found
The notion of procedural burden.
No full textLa notion de charge processuelle est apparue avec le Nouveau Code de procédure civile, intégrée dans le chapitre I consacré aux « principes directeurs », sous les appellations de « charges » ou de « charge de » faire. Son rôle est d'encadrer la liberté d'agir des parties dans le procès civil, s'écartant ainsi de la conception libérale traditionnelle qui considérait le procès comme la « chose des parties ». La procédure civile impose en effet aux parties de suivre une série de formalités procédurales, comprises ici comme les charges du procès. Constituant des contraintes qui pèsent sur les justiciables tout au long de la procédure, elles sont nécessaires à la mise en œuvre et au maintien de leur droit d'agir. La notion apparaît donc essentielle dans le cadre du procès civil, s'inscrivant dans la répartition équilibrée des rôles entre les parties et le juge. Ces charges se présentent donc comme de véritables exigences, pouvant mener à des issues défavorables pour les justiciables en cas de non-respect.L'ambition d'adapter les charges processuelles à la productivité du procès s'est intensifiée au fil des réformes, cherchant à améliorer l'efficacité procédurale au détriment du droit d'accès à la justice. L'augmentation des contraintes, complexifiant les procédures, ainsi que le renforcement des sanctions et des pouvoirs du juge, mettent en péril l'issue des litiges pour les justiciables qui ne satisferaient pas aux obligations qui leur incombent. La responsabilité de l'avocat, en particulier dans les procédures requérant une représentation obligatoire, est également visée et fortement engagée.Une étude approfondie de cette notion au sein du procès civil est apparue indispensable, notamment au regard des incidences produites sur tous les acteurs impliqués et sur le procès civil lui-même. Ont ainsi été déterminés son sens, sa nature, son régime juridique, ses modalités d'exigence, ainsi que son déploiement à toutes les procédures et dans l'entier procès. Il est également apparu nécessaire de déterminer les modalités de consécration et d'encadrement de la notion, afin d'en prévenir les utilisations abusives.The concept of procedural burden emerged with the New Code of Civil Procedure, integrated into Chapter I dedicated to "guiding principles," under the terms "burdens" or "burden to" perform. The objective is to frame the freedom of action of the parties engaged in litigation, moving away from the traditional liberal view that considers civil proceedings as "the affair of the parties." Civil procedure indeed imposes a series of procedural formalities on the parties, understood here as the burdens of the trial. In this sense, the procedural burden encompasses all the necessary formalities for the implementation and maintenance of the parties' right to act, constituting procedural constraints that weigh upon them throughout the process. Thus, the concept appears as a fundamental notion of civil trial, fitting into a balanced distribution of roles between the parties and the judge. These burdens present themselves as genuine requirements of civil procedure, which can lead to unfavorable outcomes for litigants in case of non-compliance.The ambition to adapt procedural burdens to the productivity of the trial has intensified over the course of reforms, seeking to improve procedural efficiency at the expense of the right of access to justice for litigants. The increasing constraints, complicating procedures, as well as the strengthening of sanctions and the powers of the judge, jeopardize the outcomes of disputes for litigants who do not meet their obligations. The responsibility of the lawyer, particularly in procedures requiring mandatory representation, is also targeted and heavily engaged.A thorough study of this concept within civil proceedings has become essential, especially in light of the impacts on all stakeholders involved and on the trial itself. This study has determined its meaning, nature, and legal regime, its requirements, as well as its application across all procedures and throughout the trial. It has also become necessary to establish the means of recognition and regulation of the concept to prevent its abusive uses
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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