1,721,176 research outputs found
Part of speech (POS) tagging in Roman Urdu: datasets and models
No full textRoman Urdu is a prevalent medium of expression on social media, news websites, and text messages in the subcontinent, making it a valuable data source for social media and text analytics, particularly in the Indo-Pak perspective. However, despite the immense potential, limited efforts have been made in the area of Roman Urdu text analytics due to various complexities, such as a lack of a standard lexicon, the informal nature of the text, and the lack of text processing tools. The development of the Roman Urdu Part-of-Speech (POS) dataset and the implementation of a robust tagger hold immense importance for text analytics in Roman Urdu. In this work, we created a comprehensive, large-scale Roman Urdu POS dataset and developed a Roman Urdu POS tagger, laying the foundation for future advancements in advanced text analysis. Our approach involved the utilization of Hidden Markov Models, Neural Networks, state-of-the-art transformer models, and Large Language Models as baselines. In our work, we curated two distinct test datasets: one with lexical variation and the other without such variation. This approach allowed us to test the model’s robustness in handling different linguistic challenges posed by lexical variations. Our tagger yields high-quality output with an accuracy score of 96% without lexical variation and 86% on test data with lexical variations. We also evaluated state-of-the-art Large Language Models (GPT-4o and Llama-3-8B) in zero-shot and few-shot settings, with GPT-4o achieving up to 53.78% accuracy in the few-shot configuration, demonstrating a substantial performance gap compared to specialized models. This work establishes a comprehensive framework for Roman Urdu POS tagging that effectively addresses lexical variation challenges, providing essential resources and benchmarks for advancing Roman Urdu natural language processing research
Rate and predictors of psychotic symptoms after Kashmir earthquake
No full textPsychotic symptoms are more common in general population than validated diagnosis of psychosis. There is evidence to suggest that these symptoms, hallucinations, paranoia, elated mood, thought insertion, are part of a spectrum of psychosis and may have association with the same risk factors that determine development of psychosis. These symptoms have an association with exposure to psychological trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in the population affected by a natural disaster, earthquake in this case and possible correlates of these symptoms. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a population sample affected by the disaster, comprising of 1,291 individuals, 18 months after 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan and Kashmir to look at the prevalence of these symptoms and their correlates. Screening Instrument for Traumatic Stress in Earthquake Survivors and Self-Reporting Questionnaire and Psychosis Screening Questionnaire were used as tools. We examined association between the symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD and psychotic symptoms. We performed logistic regression analysis where hallucinations and delusions were dependent variables and demographic and trauma exposure variables were independent variables. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms ranged between 16.8 and 30.4 %. They were directly correlated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder as well as concurrent symptoms of anxiety and depression. Lower level of education had a strong association in all the regression models. For hallucinations, living in a joint family had a negative association and participation in rescue, history of exposure to previous trauma and past psychiatric history had positive association. Paranoia was associated with female gender. Any psychiatric symptom was associated death of a family member, history of past psychiatric illness and living in a tent at the time of interview. Pattern of association of psychotic symptoms is consistent with prior literature and can be understood in the light of stress vulnerability model
University students' views about compatibility of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) with their personal, social and religious values (a study from Pakistan)
Full text linkCognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in its current form might not be applicable in non Western cultures. Differences between Western and non Western cultures have been reported widely. Psychotherapy was developed in the West and is underpinned by many beliefs which might be specific only to the Western culture. However, in order to modify CBT, we need to understand whether the concepts associated with the CBT might cause conflicts among people who receive therapy. This study explored the beliefs of the university students in Pakistan to find out if the concepts underpinning CBT are consistent with the personal, family, socio-cultural and religious values of the university students. Discussions were held with University students in Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. Students were given information on various aspects of the CBT and were asked to rate their agreement with these concepts on a visual analogue scale. There was little disagreement for the principles of CBT for personal values, while some disagreement existed for religious values. This study highlights the value of assessing peoples’ beliefs about acceptability of CBT in non Western cultures. Students in Pakistan felt that the principles of CBT are consistent with their belief system in most areas. However, the value system of students might not be representative of the rest of the population
Development of Southampton adaptation framework for CBT (SAF-CBT): a framework for adaptation of CBT in non-western culture
Full text linkTo develop guidelines for adaptation of CBT in Pakistan. Design: Mixed methods ( both qualitative and quantitative). Place and Duration of Study: The studies were carried out in two cities in Pakistan, Rahim Yar Khan and Lahore, between October 2006 and March 2009. Subjects and Methods: We conducted in depth interviews with psychologists and with depressed patients and group discussions with University students. A thematic content analysis of information from these interviews and field and therapy notes was carried out to develop guidelines. Results: Themes and subthemes from different studies were compared with each other as well as with information gleaned from field and therapy notes. This information was organized in the form of an adaptation frame work. The framework consists of three themes; culture, capacity and cognitions, with each theme further divided into seven subthemes. This framework guided development of a culturally sensitive CBT manual which was later tested in a pilot project and adapted CBT was found to be effective in reducing symptoms of depression in Pakistan. Conclusion: Our work confirms some of the factors described for adaptation of therapy in previous guidelines which were developed in the West. However, we found that factors in addition to therapy itself need to be considered when adapting therapy in a given culture, for example the barriers posed by health system. In this paper we are describing the adaptation framewor
Psychologists experience of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in a developing country: a qualitative study from Pakistan
Full text linkBackgroundPsychological therapies especially Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) are used widely in the West to help patients with psychiatric problems. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy has an established evidence base for the treatment of different emotional disorders. However, patients in most developing countries hardly benefit from non pharmacological interventions. Although a significant number of psychologists are trained in Pakistan each year, psychological interventions play only a minor role in treatment plans in Pakistan. We conducted interviews with psychologists in Pakistan, to explore their experiences and their views on "providing CBT in Pakistan". These interviews were conducted as part of a project whose focus was to try to develop culturally-sensitive CBT in Pakistan.
MethodsIn depth semi structured interviews were conducted with 5 psychologists working in psychiatry departments in Lahore, Pakistan. Interviews were analyzed using thematic content analysis.
ResultsAll the psychologists reported that psychotherapies, including CBT, need adjustments for use in Pakistan, although they were not able to elicit on these in details. Four major themes were discovered, hurdles in therapy, therapy related issues, involvement of the family and modification in therapy. The biggest hurdles in therapy were described to be service and resource issues.
ConclusionsFor CBT to be acceptable, accessible and effective in Non Western cultures numerous adjustments need to be made, taking into consideration; factors related to service structure and delivery, patient's knowledge and beliefs about health and the therapy itself. Interviews with the psychologists in these countries can give us insights which can guide development of therapy and manuals to support its delivery
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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