913 research outputs found
Generalized (?,?)-derivations on Jordan ideals in *-prime rings
No full textLet 2 will be a 2-torsion free *-prime ring and ?, ? ? Aut R. F be a nonzero generalized (?, ?)-derivation of R with associated nonzero (?, ?)-derivation d which commutes with * and J be a nonzero *-Jordan ideal and a subring of R. In the present paper, we shall prove that R is commutative if any one of the following holds: (i)[F(u), u]?? = 0, (ii)F(u)?(u) = ?(u)d(u), (iii)F(u2 = ±?(u2)), (iv)F(u2) = 2d(u)?(u), (v)d(u2) = 2F(u)?(u), for all u ? U. © 2013 The Author(s).Gölbaşi, Ö.; Department of Mathematics, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey; email: [email protected]
A Tafsir Treatise by Unknown Author
No full textBu çalışma, Nahl suresinin 90. ayet-i kerimesi üzerine müellifi bilinmeyen bir tefsir risalesinin tahkikidir. Eser tek nüsha olup Risâle fi Tefsîri Âyeti İnnallâhe Ye’muru bi’l-Adli ve’l-İhsân adıyla Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nde (Fazıl Ahmed Paşa Bölümü, dn.: 001606, va.: 189/b-195/b) kayıtlıdır. Dili Arapça olup yazısı gayet okunaklıdır. Yazar, söz konusu ayeti beş başlık altında tefsir etmiştir: Edebiyat, önceki müfessirlerin görüşleri, usûlüddîn, fıkıh usulü ve fıkıh. Ayeti fıkıh usulü açısından tefsir ettiği kısımda, tefsirin sınırlarını oldukça zorlamıştır. En dikkat çeken husus, müellifin tefsirinde besmeleden sonra hamdele ve salveleye yer vermemiş olmasıdır. Bu, ilim tarihimizde alışık olmadığımız bir durumdur. Yazmanın ferağ kaydı da bulunmamaktadır. Yazar, Süfyân b. Uyeyne (ö. 198/814), Taberî (ö. 310/923), İbn Îsâ (ö. 334/946?), Zemahşerî (ö. 538/1144) ve İbn Atıyye’yi (ö. 541/1147) kaynak olarak kullanmıştır. Bunların dışında Kâdî Ebû Bekr (Bâkıllânî) (ö. 403/1013), Gazzâlî (ö. 505/1111) gibi isimlerden de söz etmiştir. Ayetin fıkıh açısından tefsir edildiği son bölüm, nerdeyse bütünüyle Nevevî’nin (ö. 676/1277) Müslim şerhinden nakledilmiştir.This study is the critical edition of a pamphlet that contains the exegesis (tafsir) of “Surat al-Nahl – verse: 90”. The author of the pamphlet is unfortunately unknown. There is only one known manuscript, which is registered in the Koprulu Library in the name of Risâla fî Tafsîri Âyat Innallâha Ya’muru bi al-‘Adl wa al-Ihsân. It is written in very clear and plain Arabic that makes it much easier to read. The author interpretes the verse under the five topics: Literature; Remarks of Early Exegetes; Usul al-Dîn (Essentials of the Religion); Usul al-Fiqh (Jurisprudence) and Fiqh (Law). In the part where he explains the verse in terms of the jurisprudence, the author pushes the limits of the ‘ilm al-tafsir. It might be interesting that the author does not attach hamdalah and salwalah after basmalah, which is quite uncommon in Islamic writing tradition. There is also no sign indicating the writing date of the manuscript. He uses Tabari Sufyan ibn Uyayna (d. 198/814), (d. 310/923), Ibn Isa (d. 334/946?), Zamahshari (d. 538/1144) and Ibn Atiyya (d. 541/1147) as its sources. Apart from these, he also refers to some famous names such as Ghazzali and Qadi Abu Bakr. The last chapter in which the verse is interpreted in terms of the fiqh has been quoted almost entirely from Nawawi’s (d. 676/1277) commentary on Sahih al-Muslim
Mapping the Relationship of Inter-Village Variation in Agroforestry Tree Survival with Social and Ecological Characteristics: The case of the Vi Agroforestry Project, Mara Region, Tanzania
No full textAgroforestry practices can improve the adaptive capacity and resilience of local farming and subsistence systems while providing livelihood benefits to households. However, scaling up of agroforestry technology has often proved difficult. Many studies have been carried out to explain the lack of tangible impact, based mainly on formal household/farm surveys comparing characteristics of non-adopters with that of adopters. In this study, we mapped the relationship between agroforestry tree survival in villages that were a part of the Vi Agroforestry project in the Mara region, Tanzania with key social-ecological variables. A random sample of 21 households from each of 89 investigated project villages was used. The proportion of households with surviving agroforestry trees, varied from 10%-90% among villages. Social and ecological differences between villages were important explanations to this variation. Variables related to the project and its operations explained most of the inter-village variation in households with few surviving trees. To encourage the majority of village households to practice agroforestry their perceptions of tree ownership and the benefit of agroforestry were additional key factors to the project showing the importance of socio-cultural issues to the households' decisions to continue beyond the initial tree planting and testing phase
The mamluk ‘Ulama and the design and critique of politics: The case of Idrīs b. baydakīn
No full textBireysel ve toplumsal meseleleri ele alan ve daha ziyade terğîb, terhîb, kebâir, mehârim ve bid‘at konularında kaleme alınan eserler ulemanın siyasilerle ilişki kurma usullerini belirleme açısından önem arz eder. Bu önemi göstermeyi amaçlayan bu makalenin
temel sorusu şudur: “Sevap işlemeye teşvik kitapları ile büyük günahlara ve bid‘atlara
dair eserler siyasi muhalefet, eleştiri ve siyaseti yönlendirme metni olarak okunabilir
mi?” Ulema bir taraftan adalet, hakkaniyet, emir bi’l-ma‘rûf, cömertlik, istişare, tevazu
gibi kavramların Müslümanların hayatında yer edinmesini teşvik için yazdıkları kitaplarda makbul siyasi idare için de bir çerçeve çizerken başta zulüm ve haksızlıklar olmak
üzere büyük günahları ele aldıkları metinlerde siyasilerin tavırlarına hususi bir yer ayırırlar. Böylece matlup/şer‘î siyaset için bir çerçeve çizilir. Sahih dinî yaşama aykırı şekilde ortaya çıkarak örgütlü/toplumsal bir sorun hâlini alan hususların (bid‘atlar) izale
edilmesinde ulema ile birlikte siyasilere de görev yükleyen metinler de bu çerçevede değerlendirilmelidir.
Bu makalede erken dönem Memlük ulemasından İdris b. Beydekin’in (ö. 710/1310) elLüma‘ fi’l-havâdis ve’l-bida‘ adlı eseri yukarıda resmedilen araştırma sorusu ve konu çerçevesi doğrultusunda incelenecektir. Makalenin temel argümanı İbn Beydekin’in sahih
dinî yaşamın tesisi açısından çağdaşı olduğu siyasilere yönelttiği eleştiri ve muhalefetini
yazdığı bu metin üzerinden dile getirdiği, onları amellerinde şer‘î çerçevede kalmaya
çağırdığıdır. Böylece İslam siyaset düşüncesine dair meselelerin farklı kaynak metinler
üzerinden incelenebileceği hususu Memlükler özelinde belirgin kılınmaya çalışılacak,
ulema-siyaset ilişkilerini daha ziyade “mutlak itaat” yahut “sessiz kalma, müdahil olmama” çerçevesinde okumayı yeğleyen çağdaş literatür de dolaylı yoldan eleştirilecektir.
Makalede ilk olarak İbn Beydekin öncesi ahkâm-ı sultâniyye ve bid‘at literatürü ele alınmakta, böylece meselenin arka planına dair bir çerçeve oluşturulmaktadır. Mâverdî (ö.
450/1058), Ebû Ya‘lâ Ferrâ (ö. 458/1066) ve Cüveynî (ö. 478/1085) tarafından kaleme
alınan ahkâm-ı sultâniyye eserleri dini muhafaza etme ve bid‘atlarla mücadele meselesini devlet başkanının görevleri arasında zikrederler. Konuya dair en kapsamlı değerlendirmelere ise Cüveynî yer verir. Makalede Memlüklerin tevarüs ettikleri bid‘at ve havâdis kitapları yazarları olarak incelenen Muhammed b. Vaddâh el-Kurtubî (ö. 286/899),
İbn Ebî Rendeka et-Turtûşî (ö. 520/1126), Ebû Abdullah el-Makdisî (ö. 643/1245) ve
Ebû Şâme el-Makdisî (ö. 665/1267) ise eserlerinde bid‘atla mücadele hususunda siyasilerin rollerine işaret etmek yerine daha ziyade ulemanın sorumluluğunu esas alırlar. Bu iki geleneği tevarüs eden İbn Beydekin’in el-Lüma‘ adlı eseri esas itibarıyla bid‘at literatürü içerisinde yer almakla birlikte konuyu siyasilerle irtibatlı olarak ele alması bakımından bu literatür içerisinde ayrıcalıklı bir yerde durmaktadır. İbn Beydekin meseleyi
ahkâm-ı sultâniyye eserlerinin bakış açısına yakın bir yaklaşımla ele alır. Zira el-Lüma‘
bid‘at olarak nitelediği uygulamaları ele alıp bunlara karşı alınacak tedbirler hususunda
siyasileri uyaran bir metindir.
Memlük coğrafyasının bütün önemli merkezlerinde yaşayan ve kitaptaki tespitlerinde
büyük oranda kendi gözlemlerine dayanan müellif Memlüklerdeki “yaşayan bid‘atları”
konu edinir. Bid‘atların yaygınlaşmasıyla mücadele hususunda dört mezhebin önemli
temsilcileriyle teşrik-i mesaide bulunmakta ve bu âlimlerle ortak hareket etmektedir.
Bid‘atların engellenmesini “emir bi’l-ma‘rûf ve nehiy ani’l-münker” kaidesini esas alarak
inceleyen müellif ümera, ulema ve avama farklı seviyelerde sorumluluk yükler. Ulema
ve avamın tesir seviyeleri sınırlı olduğundan siyasilerin rolünü öne çıkartır. Ümeranın
sorumluluğu özellikle ulemanın gücünü aşan ve bu çalışmada “örgütlü bid‘atlar” olarak
kavramlaştırılan bid‘atlarla mücadelede öne çıkar. Bu çerçevede Fütüvvet kurumu, Kalenderîler ve Merzûkîler etraflıca incelenir. Yine siyasete doğrudan sorumluluk yüklenen diğer bid‘atlar ele alınır. Av bahsi, mescit ve camilerdeki bid‘atlar, sofradaki/yeme
içmedeki bid‘atlar, özel günlere has bid‘atlar, tekebbür, birbiriyle karşılaşan insanların
yaptığı bid‘atlar, Yahudi ve Hristiyanları dost edinme meselesiyle ilgili bid‘atlar, Müslümanların gayrimüslim kutsal günleriyle irtibatları ve ıydü’ş-şehîd ile ilgili bid‘atlar incelenir. Geniş bir çerçevede yer alan bu bid‘atlar özellikle siyasetle ilişkisi açısından dikkate değer değerlendirmelere konu edilir.
Eser, değerlendirmeleri bakımından aynı zamanda yaygınlaşan bid‘atlarla mücadele etmeyen yahut bizzat bu bid‘atların içerisinde yer alan idarecileri de eleştirir. Bu yönüyle
siyasete vazife yükleme ve siyasileri tenkit açısından kendisinden önceki tüm bid‘at literatüründen açıkça farklılaşan İbn Beydekin, siyaseti dinin hizmetinde bir enstrüman
olarak devreye sokar. Müellif, ulemanın rehberliğinde hareket ederek Ehl-i sünnet ve cemaat mensubiyetini esas alıp bu yaklaşımın benimsemediği tüm olumsuzlukların toplum yaşamından çıkartılmasında bizzat öncülük edecek, yine kendi yaşantısında da bu
akidenin dışına çıkmayacak bir siyasetçi prototipini öne çıkartır. Bid‘atlarla ilgili konuların yanında “siyaset ahlakı” ve “ideal siyasi yönetimin ilkelerine” de göndermeler yapan kitap böylece aynı zamanda bir siyaset düşüncesi metni olarak okunabilmektedir.
Bu hâliyle el-Lüma‘ şeriata/ulemaya ittibaın önemi, siyasilere itaatin sınırları, siyasilere
vazife yükleme, siyasilere doğrudan tehditler gibi hususları içeren ve farklı açılardan
okumalara müsait bir eser olarak bu makalede ele alınmaktadır.The works that deal with individual and social issues and are mostly written on the subjects of targhīb, tarhīb, kabā’ir, maḥārim, and bid‘a are of great importance in terms of determining the ways in which the ʿulama interact with the politicians. The basic question of this article, which aims to demonstrate this importance, is:
“Can the books of encouragement to commit good deeds and the works on major sins
and innovations be read as texts for political opposition, criticism, and influencing politics?” On the one hand, the ʿulama draw a framework for acceptable political administration in the books they write to encourage the Muslim population to include some
concepts in their lives such as justice, equity, al-amr bi-al-ma‘rūf, generosity, consultation, and humility. Conversely, they allocate a special place to the attitudes of politicians in the texts in which they deal with major sins, especially oppression and injustice. By doing so, a framework is drawn for sharī‘a-based politics. In addition, the texts imposing responsibility on politicians as well as ʿulama in the removal of “organized/socially problematic issues (bida‘)” that are contrary to the authentic religious life should
also be evaluated within the context of this literature. In this paper, Idrīs b. Baydakīn’s
(d. 710/1310) work entitled al-Luma‘ fī al-ḥawādīth wa al-bida‘ will be examined in line
with the research question and subject framework depicted above. The main argument
of the article is that Ibn Baydakīn expressed his criticism and opposition to his contemporary politicians in terms of establishing a sound religious life, and through this text,
he wrote and urged them to keep their deeds within the framework of the sharī‘a. Thus,
the article firstly aims to clarify that it is possible to examine the issues related to Islamic political thought through different source texts as can be observed through the
example of the Mamlūk case. On the other hand, the contemporary literature evaluating the ʿulama-politics relations within the framework of “absolute obedience” or “silencing and not getting involved” perspectives will be indirectly criticized by the findings of this study.
In this article, firstly, the literatures of al-aḥkām al-sulṭāniyya and bid‘a before Ibn Baydakin are discussed, thus a framework is formed about the background of the issue.
Al-aḥkām al-sulṭāniyya works written by al-Māwardī (d. 450/1058), Abū Ya‘lā al-Farrā’
(d. 458/1066) and al-Juwaynī (d. 478/1085) mention the issue of protecting religion
and fighting against bida‘ among the duties of the head of state. In particular, al-Juwaynī stands out as an author who gives the most comprehensive evaluations in this respect. The authors, Muḥammad b. Waḍḍāḥ al-Qurṭubī (d. 286/899), Ibn Abī Randaqa
al-Ṭurṭūshī (d. 520/1126), Abū ‘Abd al-Allāh al-Maqdisī (d. 643/1245), and Abū Shāma
al-Maqdisī (d. 665/1267), whose bida‘ and ḥawādith books are studied in this article, focus on the responsibility of the ʿulama rather than pointing out the roles of politicians
in the fight against bid‘a. Inheriting these two traditions, Ibn Baydakīn’s al-Luma‘ work
is essentially included in the literature of bida‘, but it has a privileged place in this literature in terms of dealing with the issue in connection with the politicians. Ibn Baydakīn
deals with the issue with an approach close to the point of view of the works of al-aḥkām
al-sulṭāniyya. For al-Luma‘ is a text that addresses the practices that it describes as bida‘
and warns politicians about the measures to be taken against them.
The author, who lived in all the important centers of the Mamlūk geography and obtained his findings in the book mostly from his own observations, deals with the “living bidaʿ” of the Mamlūks. It cooperates with the important representatives of the four
madhhabs in combating the spread of bida‘ and acts jointly with these scholars.
The author, who examines the prevention of bida‘ on the basis of the rule of al-amr bi-alma‘rūf wa al-nahy ‘an al-munkar, assigns different levels of responsibility to politicians,
ʿulama, and the common people. Since the level of influence of the ʿulama and the common people is limited, it highlights the role of politicians. The responsibility of the politicians comes to the fore, especially in the fight against “organized bidaʿ” that exceeds
the power of the ʿulama. In this context, the institution of Futuwwa, Qalandarīs, and
Marzuqīs are examined in detail. Moreover, other bida‘ that are giving the sole responsibility to the politicians are discussed. Bida‘ on various issues such as hunting, eating, and
drinking, bida‘ in masjids and jāmi‘s, bidaʿ specific to special days, bidaʿ made by people who meet each other, bidaʿ on the issue of making friends with Jews and Christians,
the attitude of Muslims regarding non-Muslim holy days, and the ‘īd al-shahīd are examined. These bidaʿ, which take place in a wide framework, are the subject of remarkable evaluations, especially in terms of their relation to politics.
In terms of their evaluations, the work also includes the criticism of the administrators
who themselves are instruments of bidaʿ and do not struggle against the spreading of it. In this respect, Ibn Baydakīn, who differs clearly from all the previous literature of bidaʿ
in terms of assigning duties to politics and criticizing politicians, puts politics into action as an instrument in the service of religion. Acting under the guidance of the ʿulama,
the author brings forward a prototype of a politician who will personally lead in removing all the negativities from the social life that Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jamāʿa’s membership
does not approve of and who also will not go beyond the framework of this creed in his
own life. The book, which makes references to the principles of political ethics and ideal
political administration, in addition to the issues related to bidaʿ, can thus be read as a
political thought text at the same time. In this state, al-Luma‘ is discussed in this article
as a work suitable for reading from different perspectives, including the importance of
following the sharī‘a/‘ulama, the limits of obedience to politicians, imposing duties on
politicians, and direct threats to politician
The Pattern and Process of Adoption and Scaling up: Variation in Project Outcome Reveals the Importance of Multilevel Collaboration in Agroforestry Development
No full textAgroforestry is considered a subsistence system that balances the urgent need for food and income of small scale farmers with restoration and conservation of ecosystem services, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. The Vi Agroforestry Program aims to implement agroforestry as a means to alleviate poverty and increase resilience among the poorest smallholders. After seven years, the Vi Agroforestry Project in the Mara Region of Tanzania had an inter-village variation in the proportion of households with tangible surviving agroforestry trees ranging from 10%-90%. Using a multiple methods approach, this variation was analysed in relation to changes and differences among administrative districts and project zones regarding perceived barriers to agroforestry adoption, project interventions, governance and the chronology of the process. In districts and zones where collaboration among the project staff, government counterparts and other stakeholders had been established at multiple levels, more agroforestry trees survived and a larger proportion of households practiced agroforestry. The established collaboration made it possible to discover and consider opportunities and barriers to agroforestry development such as diverse stakeholder interests and perceptions. As a result, potential conflicts could be avoided and socially robust solutions developed, adapted and integrated into the local subsistence systems
Fen E itiminde Hayvanat Bahçelerine Düzenlenen Planl Bir Gezinin Ö renme Üzerine Etkisi ve Gezi Süreciyle lgili Ö renci Görü lerinin Belirlenmesi
No full textIn this study, researching the effect of a planned trip to one of the informal learning environments, zoos, on learning and taking students opinions about the trip were aimed. The working group consists of 15 fifth grade students. The Experimental method was used in this research. The academic achievement test developed by the researcher was applied to the students before and after the trip to determine the effect of the planned zoo trip on the students learning. To determine the change in students misconceptions, concept maps were drawn before and after the trip. For the students views about this learning experience, a semi-structured interview form was used. Pre and posttest results gotten from the achievement test were evaluated with Wilcoxon signed ranks test; the data obtained from the concept maps were analyzed with error frequencies, and the students judgments received from a semi-structured interview about this learning experience were examined with content analysis method. Results of the research showed that a well-organized zoo trip has a positive effect on learning; that there is a meaningful difference between students pretest and posttest academic achievement scores for the benefit of posttest; that it does not have any effect on misconceptions about general classification, however, it is effective on, more specifically, misconceptions about animal classification. Students have found this trip entertaining and informative. © 2019, Ankara University. All rights reserved.This study is a part of first author?s master thesis under the supervision of the second author at the Giresun University Institute of Science, Department of Science Education
Clusters Models, Factors and Characteristics
No full textThe industrial cluster concept has become a subject of intense research studies and economic analysis starting with the study conducted by Michael E. Porter regarding the competitive advantage of nations. This concept is an economic phenomenon that is placed in a competitive context in which many businesses simultaneously compete and collaborate to gain different economic advantages. The economic advantages of successful real economic clusters has proves an important reason for the increased attention that this economic model has received from the scientific community and the governmental structures. Despite the advances in cluster research, its model remains a complex one and something that it‘s hard to reproduce in a real economic environment. The paper highlights typologies of clusters, models of determinant factors and its characteristics by doing a survey of the cluster literature. The research is conducted starting with the analysis of the cluster concept, based on different accepted descriptions. From this point there are summarized the main characteristics and are described models of cluster determinants. The objective of the paper is to highlight the importance and advantages of clusters but also the complexity of the cluster model mainly because of its complex determinant factors.Cluster, characteristic, model, regional development
Cooperation and Cluster Strategies Within and Between Technology-Intensive Organizations: How to Enhance Linkages among Firms in TechnoParks
No full textWorld today is characterized by rapid transformations in all aspects of human’s life where innovation, technological change and technological progress play the most significant role. Therefore, technologyintensive organizations by engaging in strategic alliances, clusters and networks tend to extract maximum benefits i.e. to enable entry into the international markets and to develop core competences. Even though clusters have become a highly popular strategy, many of them fail to realize their intended goals. Thus, under the scope of this paper we explore why choosing a clustering strategy can be beneficial for technologyintensive organizations. Main focus will be on investigating if there are inter-firm and firm-university linkages among the actors located in a particular techno-park i.e. METU Techno-park and Bilkent Cyber-park. Results of the analysis showed certain extent of firm-university relationships and low level of inter-firm interactions. This further implied necessity of the policy interventions for enhancement of those interactions if the studied techno-parks are to become successful in the sense of the theoretical techno-park model, and if the tenant firms are to extract maximum benefits associated with cluster concept in theory.Clusters, Networks, Innovation, Techno-parks, Policy
Understanding urban leisure walking behavior: Correlations between neighborhood features and fitness tracking data
No full textLeisure walking (including running) is the easiest way to combat the lack of physical activity of urban residents. Hence, understanding what drives people to take a leisurely walk is vital for the design and planning of healthy and vibrant neighborhoods. In this chapter, we investigate and identify which (urban) features can define the spatial distribution of leisure walk amounts, using a collection of more than 40,000 leisure walks collected from fitness tracking apps in Singapore. First, we conducted a spatial analysis of leisure walk data using a grid-based network of Singapore and examined its features, including land use mix, street typology, greenness, and the presence of facilities, such as bus stops and traffic lights, as well as the perception of urban qualities. The latter has been determined by analyzing millions of Google Street View (GSV) images along Singapore's street network, categorizing their content using automated deep learning algorithms. The findings can help planners and designers understand which features promote more leisure walks, and thus inform the design of healthier, more resident-friendly environments that promote walking and stimulate vibrancy.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Design Informatic
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