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Contrôle des langues et code-switching dans une population switchant fréquemment : une approche multiméthode des bilingues français-libanais
No full textThis dissertation examines language control in frequent code-switchers (FCS) in the context of Lebanese Arabic–French bilingualism, analyzing how language switching varies between constrained and voluntary contexts, and exploring whether switching voluntarily from one language to another reduces the costs typically associated with constrained switching. To complement traditional experimental switching paradigms, which remain artificial and fail to account for switching in natural contexts, this research also sought to address the need for more ecological evaluations of language control at the discourse level. Understanding the dynamics of language switching costs relatively to the degree of constraint (constrained vs. voluntary) is thus the first objective. Moreover, although individual factors such as age of acquisition, language proficiency, dominance, code-switching habits, and entropy (Gullifer & Titone, 2020) may potentially affect the ability to control multiple languages (De Bruin, 2019), the mechanisms through which they influence bilingual performance, particularly in FCS, remain underexplored.The dissertation comprises three consecutive studies:The first involved 226 participants who completed an online sociolinguistic questionnaire adapted from the LEAP-Q (Marian et al., 2007), the BLP (Birdsong, 2012), and the BCSP (Olson, 2022), to characterize their language experience, dominance, code-switching habits, and entropy. The results of this study show that Lebanese FCS use their languages in an integrated rather than compartmentalized manner, with relatively high entropy and frequent code-switching practices.The second study, with 61 participants, tested language control in experimental paradigms under constrained (cued/alternate) and voluntary/free conditions, using bilingual picture-naming and semantic fluency tasks, as well as measures of French proficiency and executive functions (Flanker, Arabic and French Stroop, Wisconsin Card Sorting, and working memory). This study revealed significantly reduced switch costs in voluntary compared to constrained conditions for both picture-naming and semantic fluency tasks. Similarly, mixing costs were also reduced when participants could freely alternate between languages relative to constrained conditions.The third study explored code-switching in ecological contexts, in communicative situations inspired by the Adaptive Control Hypothesis (Green & Abutalebi, 2013), including video descriptions and personal event narration in monolingual, bilingual, and dense code-switching contexts. A novel Language Control Index (LCI) was developed to capture discourse-level control, based on code-switching frequency, hesitation markers, and speech rate. Results from 24 participants revealed no significant differences in the LCI across conditions, indicating no evidence of switch or mixing costs at the discourse level. However, French proficiency, code-switching habits, and length of residence in France significantly modulated switch and mixing costs, whereas entropy had no notable effect.By combining sociolinguistic, experimental, and ecological approaches, this dissertation offers a comprehensive account of language control in FCS, highlighting variations in language use across experimental and ecological contexts. It supports the hypothesis that freely choosing when to switch languages provides an advantage for FCS rather than a cost and introduces new methods for analyzing language control in naturalistic contexts.Cette thèse s’intéresse au contrôle des langues chez les personnes recourant fréquemment au code-switching (FCS) dans le contexte du bilinguisme arabe libanais–français, en analysant la manière dont l’alternance des langues (switching) varie entre contextes contraints et volontaires, et en explorant si le passage volontaire d’une langue à l’autre réduit les coûts généralement associés au switching en situation contrainte. Afin de compléter les paradigmes expérimentaux de switching habituels qui restent artificiels et ne rendent pas compte du switching en situation naturelle, cette recherche a aussi essayé de répondre au besoin d’évaluations plus écologiques du contrôle des langues au niveau discursif. Comprendre les dynamiques des coûts cognitifs en fonction du degré de contrainte est ainsi le premier objectif. Par ailleurs, bien que des facteurs individuels tels que l’âge d’acquisition, la compétence linguistique, la dominance, les habitudes de code-switching et l’entropie (Gullifer & Titone, 2020) aient potentiellement un effet sur la capacité à contrôler plusieurs langues (De Bruin, 2019), les mécanismes par lesquels ils influencent la performance bilingue, en particulier chez les FCS, restent peu explorés.La thèse implique trois études consécutives :La première porte sur 226 participants ayant rempli un questionnaire sociolinguistique en ligne, adapté du LEAP-Q (Marian et al., 2007), du BLP (Birdsong, 2012) et du BCSP (Olson, 2022), afin de caractériser leur expérience linguistique, la dominance, les habitudes de code-switching et l’entropie. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les FCS libanais utilisent les langues de manière intégrée plutôt que compartementalisée, avec une entropie et des pratiques de code-switching plutôt élevées.La deuxième, avec 61 participants, teste le contrôle des langues dans des paradigmes expérimentaux en situation contrainte (ciblés/alternée) et volontaire/libre, à l’aide de tâches de dénomination d’images et de fluence sémantique bilingues, et mesure la compétence en français et les fonctions exécutives (Flanker, Stroop arabe et français, Wisconsin Card Sorting, et mémoire de travail). Cette étude met en évidence des switch costs significativement réduits dans les conditions volontaires vs. contraintes pour les tâches de dénomination d’images et de fluence sémantique bilingues. De même, les mixing costs étaient également réduits lorsque les participants pouvaient alterner librement entre les langues par rapport aux conditions contraintes.La troisième étude explore le code-switching en contexte écologique, dans des situations de communication inspirées de l’hypothèse du contrôle adaptatif (Green & Abutalebi, 2013), incluant la description de vidéos et la narration d’événements personnels en contexte monolingue, bilingue et de code-switching dense. Un Indice de Contrôle des Langues (LCI) a été développé pour mesurer le contrôle au niveau du discours, basé sur la fréquence du code-switching, les marqueurs d’hésitation et le débit de parole. Les résultats obtenus auprès de 24 participants ne montrent aucune différence significative du LCI entre les différentes conditions, et n’indiquent ni switch ni mixing costs au niveau discursif. Cependant, la compétence en français, les habitudes de code-switching et la durée du séjour en France modulent de manière significative les switch et mixing costs, contrairement à l’entropie.En combinant approches sociolinguistiques, expérimentales et écologiques, cette thèse offre un panorama complet du contrôle des langues chez les FCS, soulignant les variations dans l’utilisation des langues entre contextes expérimentaux et écologiques. Elle soutient l’hypothèse que le fait de choisir librement quand changer de langue représente un avantage pour les FCS plutôt qu’un coût et elle introduit de nouvelles méthodes pour analyser le contrôle des langues dans des contextes naturels
Contrôle des langues et code-switching dans une population switchant fréquemment : une approche multiméthode des bilingues français-libanais
No full textThis dissertation examines language control in frequent code-switchers (FCS) in the context of Lebanese Arabic–French bilingualism, analyzing how language switching varies between constrained and voluntary contexts, and exploring whether switching voluntarily from one language to another reduces the costs typically associated with constrained switching. To complement traditional experimental switching paradigms, which remain artificial and fail to account for switching in natural contexts, this research also sought to address the need for more ecological evaluations of language control at the discourse level. Understanding the dynamics of language switching costs relatively to the degree of constraint (constrained vs. voluntary) is thus the first objective. Moreover, although individual factors such as age of acquisition, language proficiency, dominance, code-switching habits, and entropy (Gullifer & Titone, 2020) may potentially affect the ability to control multiple languages (De Bruin, 2019), the mechanisms through which they influence bilingual performance, particularly in FCS, remain underexplored.The dissertation comprises three consecutive studies:The first involved 226 participants who completed an online sociolinguistic questionnaire adapted from the LEAP-Q (Marian et al., 2007), the BLP (Birdsong, 2012), and the BCSP (Olson, 2022), to characterize their language experience, dominance, code-switching habits, and entropy. The results of this study show that Lebanese FCS use their languages in an integrated rather than compartmentalized manner, with relatively high entropy and frequent code-switching practices.The second study, with 61 participants, tested language control in experimental paradigms under constrained (cued/alternate) and voluntary/free conditions, using bilingual picture-naming and semantic fluency tasks, as well as measures of French proficiency and executive functions (Flanker, Arabic and French Stroop, Wisconsin Card Sorting, and working memory). This study revealed significantly reduced switch costs in voluntary compared to constrained conditions for both picture-naming and semantic fluency tasks. Similarly, mixing costs were also reduced when participants could freely alternate between languages relative to constrained conditions.The third study explored code-switching in ecological contexts, in communicative situations inspired by the Adaptive Control Hypothesis (Green & Abutalebi, 2013), including video descriptions and personal event narration in monolingual, bilingual, and dense code-switching contexts. A novel Language Control Index (LCI) was developed to capture discourse-level control, based on code-switching frequency, hesitation markers, and speech rate. Results from 24 participants revealed no significant differences in the LCI across conditions, indicating no evidence of switch or mixing costs at the discourse level. However, French proficiency, code-switching habits, and length of residence in France significantly modulated switch and mixing costs, whereas entropy had no notable effect.By combining sociolinguistic, experimental, and ecological approaches, this dissertation offers a comprehensive account of language control in FCS, highlighting variations in language use across experimental and ecological contexts. It supports the hypothesis that freely choosing when to switch languages provides an advantage for FCS rather than a cost and introduces new methods for analyzing language control in naturalistic contexts.Cette thèse s’intéresse au contrôle des langues chez les personnes recourant fréquemment au code-switching (FCS) dans le contexte du bilinguisme arabe libanais–français, en analysant la manière dont l’alternance des langues (switching) varie entre contextes contraints et volontaires, et en explorant si le passage volontaire d’une langue à l’autre réduit les coûts généralement associés au switching en situation contrainte. Afin de compléter les paradigmes expérimentaux de switching habituels qui restent artificiels et ne rendent pas compte du switching en situation naturelle, cette recherche a aussi essayé de répondre au besoin d’évaluations plus écologiques du contrôle des langues au niveau discursif. Comprendre les dynamiques des coûts cognitifs en fonction du degré de contrainte est ainsi le premier objectif. Par ailleurs, bien que des facteurs individuels tels que l’âge d’acquisition, la compétence linguistique, la dominance, les habitudes de code-switching et l’entropie (Gullifer & Titone, 2020) aient potentiellement un effet sur la capacité à contrôler plusieurs langues (De Bruin, 2019), les mécanismes par lesquels ils influencent la performance bilingue, en particulier chez les FCS, restent peu explorés.La thèse implique trois études consécutives :La première porte sur 226 participants ayant rempli un questionnaire sociolinguistique en ligne, adapté du LEAP-Q (Marian et al., 2007), du BLP (Birdsong, 2012) et du BCSP (Olson, 2022), afin de caractériser leur expérience linguistique, la dominance, les habitudes de code-switching et l’entropie. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les FCS libanais utilisent les langues de manière intégrée plutôt que compartementalisée, avec une entropie et des pratiques de code-switching plutôt élevées.La deuxième, avec 61 participants, teste le contrôle des langues dans des paradigmes expérimentaux en situation contrainte (ciblés/alternée) et volontaire/libre, à l’aide de tâches de dénomination d’images et de fluence sémantique bilingues, et mesure la compétence en français et les fonctions exécutives (Flanker, Stroop arabe et français, Wisconsin Card Sorting, et mémoire de travail). Cette étude met en évidence des switch costs significativement réduits dans les conditions volontaires vs. contraintes pour les tâches de dénomination d’images et de fluence sémantique bilingues. De même, les mixing costs étaient également réduits lorsque les participants pouvaient alterner librement entre les langues par rapport aux conditions contraintes.La troisième étude explore le code-switching en contexte écologique, dans des situations de communication inspirées de l’hypothèse du contrôle adaptatif (Green & Abutalebi, 2013), incluant la description de vidéos et la narration d’événements personnels en contexte monolingue, bilingue et de code-switching dense. Un Indice de Contrôle des Langues (LCI) a été développé pour mesurer le contrôle au niveau du discours, basé sur la fréquence du code-switching, les marqueurs d’hésitation et le débit de parole. Les résultats obtenus auprès de 24 participants ne montrent aucune différence significative du LCI entre les différentes conditions, et n’indiquent ni switch ni mixing costs au niveau discursif. Cependant, la compétence en français, les habitudes de code-switching et la durée du séjour en France modulent de manière significative les switch et mixing costs, contrairement à l’entropie.En combinant approches sociolinguistiques, expérimentales et écologiques, cette thèse offre un panorama complet du contrôle des langues chez les FCS, soulignant les variations dans l’utilisation des langues entre contextes expérimentaux et écologiques. Elle soutient l’hypothèse que le fait de choisir librement quand changer de langue représente un avantage pour les FCS plutôt qu’un coût et elle introduit de nouvelles méthodes pour analyser le contrôle des langues dans des contextes naturels
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Bilingual Code-Switching Profile (Version Français-Anglais)
No full textBCSP - French/ English versionThe current document is a translation of the Bilingual Code-Switching Profile to French, with examples from French and English, approved by the original author.Ce document est une traduction du Bilingual Code-Switching Profile à la langue française, avec des exemples de mélange de langues du français et de l'anglais
Studying Language Control in High Frequency Code-Switchers: Combining Experimental and Ecological Approaches
No full textInternational audienceFor bilingual speakers, producing a word in a specific language requires to select one language and inhibit the other, therefore implying a certain level of control. This has led to modeling language control (LC) taking into account code-switching (CS) (e.g., Inhibitory Control Model, Green, 1986). Nevertheless, the interaction between switching and control remains poorly explored, especially the influence of CS on LC. In their Control Process Model of CS (CPM), Green and Wei (2014) suggest a LC scale ranging from open to competitive control, allowing for more or less CS to take place in the bilingual’s discourse. Furthermore, the sociolinguistic context has an impact on the use of CS, as claimed in Green’s Adaptive Control Hypothesis (2013). Green suggests three different interactional contexts, among which dense CS, which calls for an open control mode. Dense CS is common in bilingual communities, where speakers frequently mix languages in the course of a single utterance. This is the case of the Lebanese community, known for frequently using Lebanese Arabic (LA), French (FR) and/or English within the same discourse, sentence, and even word (Bassam, 2022).Recent research on the role of CS in LC takes place in laboratory settings, involving experimental tasks measuring the cost of switching languages (switch and mixing costs) (Declerck & Koch, 2023), while fewer studies explore CS in an ecological environment. In the current research, we aim to conciliate experimental and ecological domains within an integrative protocol that helps to better understand LC abilities of frequent code-switchers, hence French speaking Lebanese bilingual adults.The LEAP-Q questionnaire (Marian et al., 2007), BLP (Birdsong et al., 2012) and BCSP (Olson, 2022) are used to establish type of bilingualism, dominance and CS habit respectively, L2 (FR) proficiency is assessed using a language test (CEL, 2018).The experimental protocol, undergone by 50 LA/FR bilingual adults, involves assessing three main domains: discursive, lexical and cognitive.- Discursive: An ecological discussion with multiple speakers, where language mode (Grosjean, 2008) is manipulated, in order to test the participants’ adaptation to their respective interlocutors’ language knowledge.- Lexical: A bilingual picture-naming task, following Costa and Santesteban’s (2004) cued language-switching paradigm for LA and FR, allowing us to measure switch costs and mixing costs.- Executive: Assessment of inhibitory processes with a computerized version of the Stroop test, the Flanker task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and digit-span.We will present the protocol and some first results. Among the hypotheses, we expect to find symmetrical switch costs in highly proficient French speakers, as L2 proficiency was found to reduce switch cost asymmetry (Costa & Santesteban, 2004). In addition, a mixing benefit is expected for voluntary switch tasks, as suggested by De Bruin et al. (2018), who state that voluntarily using two languages can be less costly than having to stay in one language. In fine, executive functioning, in terms of inhibition, shifting and updating (Miyake et al., 2000), will be correlated to language switching, allowing us to disentangle domain-generality and domain- specificity hypotheses (Bobb, Wodniecka & Kroll, 2013)
The Bilingual Code-Switching Profile (Version Français-Anglais)
No full textBCSP - French/ English versionThe current document is a translation of the Bilingual Code-Switching Profile to French, with examples from French and English, approved by the original author.Ce document est une traduction du Bilingual Code-Switching Profile à la langue française, avec des exemples de mélange de langues du français et de l'anglais
The Cost of Language Switching in Frequent Code-Switchers: Cued vs. Voluntary Switching
No full textInternational audienceWhile language control in bilinguals has been a subject of interest for many researchers (Costa & Santesteban, 2004; Declerck, Philipp & Koch, 2013), most of these studies target participants who have a compartmentalized use of languages, often using one language in the personal sphere (e.g., home, family) and another in social settings (e.g., at work, with friends) (Gullifer & Titone, 2020). However, some bilinguals use languages in a more integrated manner, frequently engaging in code-switching during everyday conversations. This type of language use, characteristic of the Lebanese population (among others), has been less frequently explored in the literature. It raises the question of whether there may be a benefit of language switching (De Bruin, Samuel & Duñabeitia, 2018). The present study investigates the behavioral costs and benefits of language switching in frequent code-switchers (FCS), using a bilingual picture-naming language switching paradigm, in four different conditions: (1) monolingual Lebanese Arabic, (2) monolingual French, (3) cued bilingual and (4) voluntary/free bilingual. Sixty-two French-speaking Lebanese participants took part in this study. Accuracy scores were significantly lower for the cued condition compared to the three other conditions (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 36.537, df = 3, p = 5.765e-08**), potentially indicating that task constraints negatively impact FCS’s accuracy compared to monolingual and free blocks. In addition, running Welch two-sample and paired sample t-tests across bilingual conditions, a significant reduction of switch costs was found in voluntary switching compared to cued switching, as well as a mixing benefit when speakers switched languages freely. These findings offer promising insights into languageswitching research in FCS, suggesting that when given the liberty to switch languages freely, they experience lower cognitive costs, and even potential benefits, compared to more constrained, cued language switching contexts. Results remain to be supported by more ecological research that better reflects daily language use
The Bilingual Code-Switching Profile (Version Français-Arabe Libanais)
No full textBCSP - French/ Lebanese Arabic versionThe current document is a translation of the Bilingual Code-Switching Profile to French, with switching examples from French and Lebanese Arabic, approved by the original author.Ce document est une traduction du Bilingual Code-Switching Profile à la langue française, avec des exemples de mélange de langues du français et de l'arabe libanais
The Adaptive Control Hypothesis in High Frequency Code-Switchers: An Ecological Approach to Language Switching
No full textInternational audiencePrevious literature has predominantly focused on laboratory-based evaluations of language switching in bilinguals (Christoffels et al., 2007; Jevtović et al., 2020), often using language switching paradigms in picture naming tasks (Declerck & Philipp, 2015). While these studies have provided valuable insights into the cognitive mechanisms behind language switching, such as the cost of switching and mixing languages, and how multiple variables like language proficiency (Costa & Santesteban, 2004) or entropy (Gullifer & Titone, 2020) affect these costs, they do not fully capture the complexity of real-world language switching (Blanco-Elorrieta & Pylkkänen, 2017). Frequent code-switchers (FCS)—bilinguals who regularly alternate between languages in their daily interactions—represent a population that has rarely been studied in this context, making them an especially interesting group to investigate. According to the Adaptive Control Hypothesis (ACH) (Green & Abutalebi, 2013), bilinguals adjust their language control mechanisms depending on the communicative demands of the context. While controlled settings have been well explored, less is known about how FCS manage their language use in more ecological, conversational settings. This study shifts focus to a corpus-based analysis of discourse data, examining how high-frequency Lebanese Arabic-French code-switchers adapt their language control across three distinct communicative contexts: (1) single-language, (2) dual-language, and (3) dense code-switching. By interacting with different interlocutors according to the contexts (monolingual Arabic and/or monolingual French in 1 and 2, bilingual Arabic-French in 3), participants were placed in communication situations they encounter in their everyday life.The Lebanese population, renowned for their integrated use of languages—often mixing Lebanese Arabic, French, and/or English in their conversations—was the target group for this study. Twenty-four bilinguals (L1 Arabic, L2 French) participated, completing two tasks: (a) video descriptions and (b) personal question responses (e.g., discussing past events, weekend routines), within each of the ACH communicative contexts. Speech samples were analyzed for code-switching frequency, grammatical category shifts, hesitation markers, and speech rate.Data collection has been completed, and the results are currently undergoing analysis. This study contributes to learner corpus research by providing a unique corpus-based analysis of high-frequency code-switchers in natural communication settings, offering valuable insights into bilingual language control across varying degrees of formality and communicative contexts
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