6,277 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
City of Austin 25 cents (twenty-five cents) municipal scrip
No full text(L) Native American woman with quiver of arrows and spear in right hand.This municipal scrip was issued in Austin by the City of Austin. The note is believed to be a contemporary counterfeit. The recto is printed in green ink; the verso is printed in red. A line borders each edge of the note. A vignette of a Native American woman carrying a quiver of arrows on her back and a spear in her right hand comprises the left border. The number '25' is printed above the vignette. A decorative design with the phrase 'Twenty-Five' printed within comprises the right border. The abbreviation 'No.' appears in a scroll design towards the upper-left corner of the note; the number '119' is handwritten adjacent to it. The month is handwritten towards the upper-left corner of the note, and the year is printed adjacent to it. The plate designation 'A' is printed above the date. The note is payable in Texas bank notes when presented in sums of five dollars. The phrase 'Twenty-Five Cents.' is printed on the verso of the note in the four corners to form an oval design. The phrase 'Austin, Texas' is printed in center of the verso in a log-style font. The note is signed on the recto by the president, whose signature is illegible, and by G. Hale, Secretary.Recto: G Hale Secr'y.; [illegible] Pres't
Bayesian sample-size determination and adaptive design for clinical trials with Poisson outcomes.
No full textBecause of the high cost and time constraints for clinical trials, researchers often need to determine the smallest sample size that provides accurate inferences for a parameter of interest or need to adaptive design elements during the course of the trial based on information that is initially unknown. Although most experimenters have employed frequentist methods, the Bayesian paradigm offers a wide variety of methodologies and are becoming increasingly more popular in clinical trials because of their flexibility and their ease of interpretation. Recently, Bayesian approaches have been used to determine the sample size of a single Poisson rate parameter in a clinical trial setting. We extend these results to the comparison of two Poisson rates and develop methods for sample-size determination for hypothesis testing in a Bayesian context. Also, we propose a Bayesian predictive adaptive two-stage design for Poisson data that allows for sample-size adjustments by basing the second-stage sample size on the first-stage results. Lastly, we present a new Bayesian meta-analytic non-inferiority method for binomial data that allows researchers a more direct interpretation of their results. Our method uses MCMC methods to approximate the posterior distribution of the new treatment compared to a placebo rather than indirectly inferring a conclusion from the comparison of the new treatment to an active control.by Austin L. Hand.Ph.D
Increasing the frequency of hand washing by healthcare workers does not lead to commensurate reductions in staphylococcal infection in a hospital ward
No full textYesHand hygiene is generally considered to be the most important measure that can be applied to prevent the spread of healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Continuous emphasis on this intervention has lead to the widespread opinion that HAI rates can be greatly reduced by increased hand hygiene compliance alone. However, this assumes that the effectiveness of hand hygiene is not constrained by other factors and that improved compliance in excess of a given level, in itself, will result in a commensurate reduction in the incidence of HAI. However, several researchers have found the law of diminishing returns to apply to hand hygiene, with the greatest benefits occurring in the first 20% or so of compliance, and others have demonstrated that poor cohorting of nursing staff profoundly influences the effectiveness of hand hygiene measures. Collectively, these findings raise intriguing questions about the extent to which increasing compliance alone can further reduce rates of HAI.
In order to investigate these issues further, we constructed a deterministic Ross-Macdonald model and applied it to a hypothetical general medical ward. In this model the transmission of staphylococcal infection was assumed to occur after contact with the transiently colonized hands of HCWs, who, in turn, acquire contamination only by touching colonized patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of imperfect hand cleansing on the transmission of staphylococcal infection and to identify, whether there is a limit, above which further hand hygiene compliance is unlikely to be of benefit.
The model demonstrated that if transmission is solely via the hands of HCWs, it should, under most circumstances, be possible to prevent outbreaks of staphylococcal infection from occurring at a hand cleansing frequencies <50%, even with imperfect hand hygiene. The analysis also indicated that the relationship between hand cleansing efficacy and frequency is not linear - as efficacy decreases, so the hand cleansing frequency required to ensure R0<1 increases disproportionately.
Although our study confirmed hand hygiene to be an effective control measure, it demonstrated that the law of diminishing returns applies, with the greatest benefit derived from the first 20% or so of compliance. Indeed, our analysis suggests that there is little benefit to be accrued from very high levels of hand cleansing and that in most situations compliance >40% should be enough to prevent outbreaks of staphylococcal infection occurring, if transmission is solely via the hands of HCWs. Furthermore we identified a non-linear relationship between hand cleansing efficacy and frequency, suggesting that it is important to maximise the efficacy of the hand cleansing process
John Langshaw Austin
No full textJohn Langshaw Austin (1911-1960) was one of the most influential British philosophers of his time, for his rigorous thought, extraordinary personality and innovative philosophical method. According to John Searle, Austin was a philosopher both passionately loved and hated by his contemporaries, because, like Socrates, he seemed to destroy all philosophical orthodoxy without presenting an alternative, and equally comforting, orthodoxy. Austin’s work is known for two major contributions to contemporary philosophy. On the one hand, his ‘linguistic phenomenology’, a peculiar method of philosophical analysis of the concepts and ways of expression of everyday language. On the other hand, Speech Act Theory, the idea of a performative dimension in any use of the language: with a well-known slogan, “to say something is to do something.” Speech Act Theory has had consequences and import in research fields as diverse as philosophy of language, ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of law, linguistics, artificial intelligence and feminist philosophy. Here we will focus on Austin’s contributions to philosophy of language, epistemology and philosophy of action, and on two main developments of speech act theory: the dispute between conventionalism and intentionalism on the one hand, and the debate on free speech, pornography, and censorship on the other.John Austin (1911-1960) è stato uno dei filosofi britannici più influenti del suo tempo, per il rigore del pensiero, la personalità straordinaria e il metodo filosofico innovativo. A parere di John Searle Austin era molto amato e molto odiato dai contemporanei – disorientati da un pensiero che sembrava distruggere più che costruire, sfidare l‟ortodossia della filosofia tradizionale ma anche dell‟allora imperante empirismo logico, senza sostituirvi nessuna confortante nuova ortodossia. L‟opera di Austin è tuttavia oggi poco conosciuta e gli elementi di novità della sua riflessione non sufficientemente apprezzati. Costituiscono un‟eccezione due risultati, universalmente riconosciuti e celebrati: da un lato la tecnica di analisi filosofica – quella versione della “filosofia linguistica” praticata da Austin con la pazienza, il rigore e il talento di un entomologo; dall‟altro la teoria degli atti linguistici. Austin viene ricordato soprattutto per aver evidenziato la dimensione performativa che permea ogni nostro proferimento: con uno slogan diventato famoso, ogni dire è anche un fare. Una tesi con ripercussioni in aree di ricerca molto diverse, dalla filosofia del linguaggio all‟etica, dalla filosofia politica al diritto, dalla linguistica alla filosofia femminista. Ci concentreremo qui sui contributi di Austin alla filosofia del linguaggio, ma faremo cenni anche estesi ai suoi contributi in epistemologia e teoria dell‟azione, nonché al vivace dibattito che a partire dalla teoria degli atti linguistici si è sviluppato negli anni „60 e „70. Un dibattito che è tornato ad accendersi in tempi recentissimi nelle discussioni su libertà di espressione e censura
Henri Matisse Drawing: An Eye-Hand Interaction Study Based on Archival Film.
No full textHenri Matisse (1869-1954) attached fundamental importance to his drawings, in particular to the famous Themes et Variations series. These were accomplished following a precise method, starting with arduous life studies and evolving into brilliant spontaneous drawings. A 1946 archival documentary film showing the artist drawing four portraits of his grandson Gerard was shot in such a way as to allow the present author to undertake a detailed eye-hand interaction analysis of the drawing process.
It was found that Matisse’s temporal working rhythm and use of motor memory resulted in a more direct approach than that used by most painters. Taken together with remarks the artist made throughout his lifetime, these results provide a cognitive interpretation of his drawing method
Exploratory design of a compliant mechanism for a dynamic hand orthosis: Lessons learned
No full textThis study does not describe a success-story. Instead, it describes an exploratory process and the lessons learned while designing a compliant mechanism for a dynamic hand orthosis. Tools from engineering optimization and rapid prototyping techniques were used, with the goal to design a mechanism to compensate for hypertonic or contracted finger muscles. Results show that the mechanism did not reach its design constraints, mostly because it could not provide for the necessary stiffness and compliance at the same time. Hence, the presented approach is more suited for design problems with either lower forces or less displacement. It was concluded that physiological stiffness models are an important part when modeling hand orthoses. Moreover, further research on compliant mechanisms in dynamic hand orthoses should focus on the feasibility of implementing more complex three-dimensional shapes, i.e., compliant shell mechanisms.Accepted Author ManuscriptBiomechatronics & Human-Machine ControlMechatronic Systems Desig
Regaining Motor Control in Musician's Dystonia by Restoring Sensorimotor Organization
No full textProfessional musicians are an excellent human model of long term effects of skilled motor training on the structure and function of the motor system. However, such effects are accompanied by an increased risk of developing motor abnormalities, in particular musician's dystonia. Previously we found that there was an expanded spatial integration of proprioceptive input into the hand area of motor cortex (sensorimotor organisation, SMO) in healthy musicians as tested with a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigm. In musician's dystonia, this expansion was even larger, resulting in a complete lack of somatotopic organisation. We hypothesised that the disordered motor control in musician's dystonia is a consequence of the disordered SMO.
In the present paper we test this idea by giving pianists with musician's dystonia 15 min experience of a modified proprioceptive training task. This restored SMO towards that seen in healthy pianists. Crucially, motor control of the affected task improved significantly and objectively as measured with a MIDI piano, and the amount of behavioural improvement was significantly correlated to the degree of sensorimotor re-organisation. In healthy pianists and non-musicians, the SMO and motor performance remained essentially unchanged. These findings suggest a link between the differentiation of SMO in the hand motor cortex and the degree of motor control of intensively practiced tasks in highly skilled individuals
[Canada and the Great Lakes].
No full textNote in a different hand at lower right: Map drawn by Lt. Loring Austin aide to Gen. Jac. Brown 1813-14.; Finished, pen and ink map of Canada from the Great Lakes to Newfoundland with place names along the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence water route
Music Video Games:Performance, Politics, and Play
No full textMusic Video Games takes a look (and listen) at the popular genre of music games – video games in which music is at the forefront of player interaction and gameplay. With chapters on a wide variety of music games, ranging from well-known console games such as Guitar Hero and Rock Band to new, emerging games for smartphones and tablets, scholars from diverse disciplines and backgrounds discuss the history, development, and cultural impact of music games.Each chapter investigates important themes surrounding the ways in which we play music and play with music in video games. Starting with the precursors to music games – including Simon, the hand-held electronic music game from the 1980s, Michael Austin’s collection goes on to discuss issues in musicianship and performance, authenticity and “selling out,” and composing, creating, and learning music with video games. Including a glossary and detailed indices, Austin and his team shine a much needed light on the often overlooked subject of music video games
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