21 research outputs found
CLIENT PERCEPTION ON MICROFINANCE ACTIVIRIES OF AUNG NAING TOE CO-OPERATION SEOCITY ( Lwin Ma Ma Latt, 2019)
No full textThis study attempt to investigates client perception on Microfinance Activities of Aung Naing Toe Microfinance Society, Microfinance plays a crucial tool for property reduction in Myanmar. This study aims to identified client perception on Microfinance Activities and to analyze the client perception on Microfinance activities of Aung Naing Toe Microfinance society. five areas of service qualify dimensions: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy is used for this for accessing service quality of Aung Naing Toe Microfinance .This Framework is only focus on measuring client perception between customer’s perceived service quality performance and expectation on service of Aung Naing Toe Microfinance by client.
To determine client perception, the demographics statistics method is applied to achieve objective of the study. The primary data is collected from 120 respondents who are randomly selected from Aung Naing Toe Microfinance Society in Dagon Seikkan Township,Yangon. Random Sampling method is used complete structural questionnaires.
The finding shows that user are satisfied with the responsiveness of the Aung Naing Toe Co-operative Society. Moreover the user perceive the service quality of service positively clients satisfy the Aung Naing Toe Microfinance and relationship of service quality satisfied by the clients.
Among the customer perception of five dimension offered by Aung Naing Toe Microfinance Assurance is the most satisfactory dimension and its leads to trust and confidence upon Aung Naing Toe Microfinance institution. However tangible is the weakest dimension for customer perception in this study .
All in all the study highlighted client perception of Aung Naing Toe Microfinance. Thus study pointed out customer specific needs should be understood for the progress of service quality Aung Naing Toe Microfinance should know perception to standardize relevant services. Aung Naing Toe management should support effective training on personal finance Loan should be systematically borrowed to improved better cash flow for Aung Naing Toe Microfinance and it customers
Role of village volunteer group for community development in Htan Tabin Township ( Aung lwin Toe, 2020)
No full textVillage Volunteer Groups were local non-profit organizations. After the exit of the donor agencies, the roles of the VVGs have become very important for the sustainability of community development in the communities. This study aims to identify the role of Village Volunteer Groups (VVGs) and their community development activities and to examine the challenges and opportunities of VVGs. Primary data were collected from (206) VVG members, using the Simple Random Sampling method with a structured questionnaire from 15 villages out of 51 villages in the township of Htan Tabin. VVGs were the main players of all development projects. Community leading VVG formation process was good practice because it can promote ownership sense. The contribution and participation of the community were one of the motivating factors in the sense of ownership. The activities of the VVGs focused on the village revolving fund because it was very effective and efficient for the villages. VVGs should themselves projects income generating activities in order to reduce dependency on the donors. VVGs members improved the level of knowledge, the level of skills, increased self-confidence and family decision- making following participation in VVGs activities. Htan Tabin Township can go to sustainable development in the future
Pilot introducing the river basin management approach in Sittaung River Basin/Myanmar
No full textAn important aim of the IWRM Institutional Building and Training project is to pilot test the river basin management approach in Myanmar. The purpose is to investigate how cooperation between different sectors on river basin level, including stakeholder participation can be implemented in Myanmar. The Sittaung River Basin is selected as the case study area as it is a relatively small river basin, and as there are few, if any, ethnic conflicts in the basin. The practical water management tasks are implemented in Bago sub-basin of the Sittaung River Basin Area (RBA). The paper first describes the administrative governance system in Myanmar as this is an important baseline for introducing the river basin management (RBM) approach. The testing approach is then presented, also including practical water management tasks. Implementing the RBM approach involves organising coordination platforms for developing a River Basin Management Plan; a River
Basin Area Committee, and a Non-Governmental Stakeholder Group. A pragmatic solution oriented approach in a small sub-basin can permit experiences that provide for valuable insight related to the overall aim of holistic and sustainable water management. In the paper challenges related to implementing the River Basin Management Approach in Myanmar are discussed.publishedVersio
Hemiphyllodactylus tonywhitteni Grismer & Wood Jr & Kyaw Thura & Zin & Quah & Murdoch & Grismer & Li & Kyaw & Lwin 2017, sp. nov.
No full textHemiphyllodactylus tonywhitteni sp. nov. Phapant dwarf gecko (Figures 5 and 6) Holotype Adult male (LSUHC 13026) collected on 18 October 2016 at 1600 hours by Evan S. H. Quah, Perry L. Wood, Jr., Matthew L. Murdoch, Thaw Zin, Myint Kyaw Thura, Htet Kyaw, Marta S. Grismer, and L. Lee Grismer from Phapant Cave, 25.2 km north-east of Taunggyi, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (21°11.472N, 96°33.214E; 1270 m). Paratypes Adult females (LSUHC 13027 and 13030) and juvenile female (LSUHC 13028) and juvenile male (LSUHC 13029) bear the same data as the holotype. Diagnosis Hemiphyllodactylus tonywhitteni sp. nov. can be separated from all other species of Hemiphyllodactylus by possessing the unique combination of having a maximum SVL of 38.8 mm; 5–8 chin scales; enlarged postmentals; 3–5 circumnasal scales; 2–4 scales between supranasals (=postrostrals); eight or nine supralabials; eight infralabials; 13–16 longitudinally arranged dorsal scales at midbody contained within one eye diameter and 7–9 ventral scales; varied digital formulae (Table 3); three subdigital lamellae on the first finger; three or four subdigital lamellae on the first toe; 20–26 continuous pore-bearing femoroprecloacal scales; no plate-like subcaudal scales; dark postorbital stripe not extending onto trunk; pairs of paravertebral light spots on trunk; dorsal body pattern not unicolour; postsacral marking bearing light-coloured anteriorly projecting arms; and caecum and gonads unpigmented. These characters are scored across all species of Hemiphyllodactylus from clades 3 and 4 (Table 3). Description of holotype Adult male; head triangular in dorsal profile, depressed, distinct from neck; lores and interorbital regions flat; rostrum moderate in length (NarEye/HeadL 0.33); prefrontal region flat to weakly concave; canthus rostralis smoothly rounded, barely discernible; snout moderate, rounded in dorsal profile; eye large; ear opening round, small; eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral wider than high, bordered posteriorly by small supranasals; three internasals (=postnasal); external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by supranasal, posteriorly by two postnasals, ventrally by first supralabial (=circumnasals); 8 (R,L) rectangular supralabials tapering to below posterior margin of orbit; 8 (R,L) rectangular infralabials tapering to below posterior margin of orbit; scales of rostrum, lores, top of head, and occiput small, granular, those of rostrum largest and slightly raised; dorsal superciliaries flat, mostly square, subimbricate, largest anteriorly; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by two large postmentals; each postmental bordered laterally by a single large, sublabial; seven chin scales; gular scales small, subimbricate, grading posteriorly into slightly larger, subimbricate, throat and pectoral scales which grade into slightly larger, subimbricate ventrals. Body somewhat elongate (Trunk/SVL 0.48), dorsoventrally compressed; ventrolateral folds absent; dorsal scales small, granular, 14 dorsal scales at midbody contained within one eye diameter; ventral scales, flat, subimbricate much larger than dorsal scales, seven ventral scales contained within one eye diameter; precloacal scales slightly larger than abdominal scales; pore-bearing precloacal scales continuous with pore-bearing femoral scales, totalling 26; forelimbs short, robust in stature, covered with flat, subimbricate scales dorsally and ventrally; palmar scales flat, subimbricate; all digits except digit I well developed; digit I vestigial, clawless; distal, subdigital lamellae of digits II–V undivided, angular and U-shaped; lamellae proximal to these transversely expanded; lamellar formula of digits II–V 4-4-4-4 (R,L); three transversely expanded lamellae on digit I; claws on digits II–V well developed, unsheathed; distal portions of digits strongly curved, terminal joint free, arising from central portion of lamellar pad; hind limbs short, more robust than forelimbs, covered with flat, juxtaposed scales dorsally and by larger, flat subimbricate scales ventrally; plantar scales low, flat, subimbricate; all digits except digit I well developed; digit I vestigial, clawless; distal, subdigital lamellae of digits II–V undivided, angular and U-shaped; lamellae proximal to these transversely expanded; lamellar formula of digits II–V 4-4-4-4 (R,L); three transversely expanded lamellae on digit I; claws on digits II–V well developed, unsheathed; distal portions of digits strongly curved, terminal joint free, arising from central portion of lamellar pad; dorsal caudal scales small, square, subimbricate; tail regenerated, covered with flat imbricate scales. Morphometric data are presented in Table 5. Coloration before preservation (Figure 5) Top of head, body, limbs, and tail grey, overlain with darker, broken bands on trunk appearing as paravertebral markings highlighted posteriorly by light-coloured, diffuse blotches; poorly defined dark, lineate markings extend from occipital region to shoulder; spotting or striping on trunk absent; diffuse, dark, preorbital stripe; dark, postorbital stripe irregularly shaped, extending to shoulder region; limbs bearing irregularly shaped, dark markings; tail generally unicolour; gular region generally immaculate, except for darker lateral areas and faint stippling in scales; and pigmentation density increases posteriorly with the abdomen being generally grey. Variation (Figures 5 and 6) The colour patterns of the paratypes generally match that of the holotype. LSUHC 13027 is darker overall and the colour pattern is less distinct. The light-coloured, paravertebral blotches in LSUHC 13029 are salmon coloured. The dark dorsal pattern of LSUHC 13028 is more speckled and that of the adult female LSUHC 13030 is more reticulate. LSUHC 13030 has an original tail lacking enlarged subcaudal plates and bearing a weak, ventrolateral fringe and a distinct banding pattern. The tail is oval in cross-section and the underside is dull orange. The intensity of coloration and contrast in pattern changes with mood and activity. Differences in scales counts are presented in Table 5. Distribution Hemiphyllodactylus tonywhitteni sp. nov. is known only from the type locality of Phapant Cave, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (Figure 1). Natural history Phapant Cave is a complex of three caves situated around a small depression along a narrow river. The karstic ridge and outcroppings surround a small monastery which incorporates the caves for worship. The hilly area connecting the caves is composed of highly eroded limestone walls bearing many cracks and pores. Large limestone boulders that have broken away from the cliff face line the base of the shallow escarpment (Figure 7). We believe Hemiphyllodactylus tonywhitteni sp. nov. is a karst-adapted species. A specimen of H. tonywhitteni sp. nov. was found just inside a small opening of one of the caves nearly 4 m above the cave entrance. More specimens were found on the boulders at the base of the cliff and one on one of the cement buildings of the monastery. Syntopic with H. tonywhitteni sp. nov. on both the karst outcroppings and the cement building was an undescribed species of Hemidactylus. Hemidactylus sp. nov. was also found on wooden structures and vegetation where H. tonywhitteni sp. nov. was absent. Etymology This specific epithet ‘ tonywhitteni ’ honours Dr Tony Whitten of Fauna & Flora International who has championed a broad range of conservation efforts in Indonesia and the Asia Pacific for well over a quarter of a century. His tireless efforts to conserve and help manage karst ecosystems have been a great inspiration to the senior author (LLG) herein. Comparisons The molecular analyses indicate that Hemiphyllodactylus tonywhitteni sp. nov. is embedded within clade 4 of the typus group and is the sister species of H. montawaensis sp. nov. It can be distinguished from H. jinpingensis, H. chiangmaiensis and the species of clade 3 by lacking dark, dorsolateral stripes on the trunk and transverse, dorsal blotches. The PCA analysis shows that it occupies a unique morphospace with respect to H. montawaensis sp. nov. and H. linnwayensis sp. nov. with PC1 and PC2 accounting for 49% of the variation in the concatenated dataset (Figure 3). PC1 accounted for 29% of the variation and loaded most heavily for trunk length and the number of subdigital lamellae on the first toe (Table 6). PC2 accounted for an additional 20% of the variation and loaded most heavily for the number of dorsal scales. The first four components of the PCA were retained for the DAPC which shows that not only are all three species distinct but all individuals of each species fall very close to or within the 95% confidence ellipses (Figure 4). Uncorrected pair-wise sequence divergence between H. tonywhitteni sp. nov. and all other species of clades 3 and 4 ranges from 6.4–18.7% (Table 7). Hemiphyllodactylus tonywhitteni sp. nov. is most similar to its sister species H. montawaensis sp. nov. but differs in having more femoroprecloacal pores (20–26 versus 19–21) and a relatively wider head (0.17–0.19 versus 0.16–0.17) throughout its growth trajectory (Figure 8) and a statistically significantly wider head (p <0.24, n = 5) as an adult.Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Wood Jr, Perry L., Kyaw Thura, Myint, Zin, Thaw, Quah, Evan S. H., Murdoch, Matthew L., Grismer, Marta S., Li, Aung, Kyaw, Htet & Lwin, Ngwe, 2017, Phylogenetic taxonomy of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with descriptions of three new species from Myanmar, pp. 881-915 in Journal of Natural History 52 (13 - 16) on pages 891-898, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1367045, http://zenodo.org/record/478004
Piloting the river basin management in the Bago Sub-basin Area, experiences and recommendations
No full textProject manager Ingrid NesheimThe aim of the IWRM project has been to pilot the development of a coordinated River Basin Management Plan. The report presents the procedures applied and the experiences gained as part of this pilot in the Bago River Sub-basin during the period 2015 - 2018. The report explains the basic principles for River Basin Management Approach and provides a brief overview of the history of water management in Myanmar including public participation. The report describes and reflects on, the efforts undertaken in the project to delineate the administrative Sittaung River Basin Area with Sub-basin Areas. The processes and the experiences of establishing platforms for coordination and non-governmental stakeholder participation for IWRM are presented. The theories and perspectives of environmental management and decision making which have guided main practical management steps as undertaken in the project for the development of the Bago Sub-basin Management Plan are described and reflected on.Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation Myanmar; The Norwegian embassy in Yangon, MyanmarpublishedVersio
Bago River Sub-basin Management Plan
No full textProject leader: Ingrid NesheimThe report presents the “Bago River Sub-basin Management Plan” a plan which has been prepared by the Bago River Sub-basin Committee, with input from the Bago Non-governmental Stakeholder Group during the period of 2016 - 2018. The process of developing this plan, including also the participatory process for input to the plan is described. Pressures and trends as identified for Bago and the ecological status of water body groups in Bago are described. The report includes an overview of abatement measures with reference to, ongoing measures and planned measures within the next five years.Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation Myanmar The Norwegian embassy in Yangon, MyanmarpublishedVersio
Changing Trend in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery
No full textCoronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common pathology encountered by cardiologists and cardiac surgeons in the past century. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is the standard procedure for treatment of advanced coronary artery disease. This surgical technique was initially introduced by Favaloro and colleagues in 1969 using saphenous vein grafts interposed
between aorta and epicardial coronary artery branches distal to critical stenosis(1).Nowadays, conventional CABG surgery utilizes a combination of left internal mammary artery (LIMA), saphenous vein and radial artery as conduits. But saphenous vein grafts are
limited by its poor long term patency and additional arterial grafts like right internal mammary artery (RIMA), radial\ artery, right gastroepiploic artery (RGEA) and inferior epigastric artery (IEA) are being increasingly used to avoid late complications of vein graft
atherosclerosis and restenosis.</p
Hemiphyllodactylus ngwelwini Grismer & Wood & Quah & Thura & Oaks & Lin 2020, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Hemiphyllodactylus ngwelwini</i> sp. nov. Ngwe Lwin’s Slender Gecko <p>(Figs. 4, 5)</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> Adult male (LSUHC 14473) collected on 2 August 2019 at 1955 hrs by L. Lee Grismer, Perry L. Wood Jr., Myint Kyaw Thura, and Aung Lin at the Thayeumin Cave, State, Myanmar (20.72288°N 96.58994°E WGS; 1057 m in elevation).</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b>. Females and juvenile LSUHC 14474–76 bear the same collection data as the holotype. Females LSUHC 14328–29 and male 14330 were collected from Pwe Hla Village, Shan State (20.84125°N 96.69030°E WGS; 1416 m in elevation) by L. Lee Grismer, Perry L. Wood, Jr, Evan S. H. Quah, Myint Kyaw Thura, Jamie R. Oaks, and Aung Lin on 14 November 2018 and female LSUHC 14489 bears the same collecting locality but was collected by L. Lee Grismer, Perry L. Wood Jr., Myint Kyaw Thura, and Aung Lin on 3 August 2019. Female LSUHC 14326 and male 14327 from the Myintmahati Cave, Shan State (20.59082°N 96.61198°E WGS; 1326 m in elevation) were collected by L. Lee Grismer, Perry L. Wood, Jr, Evan S. H. Quah, Myint Kyaw Thura, Jamie R. Oaks, and Aung Lin on 15 November 2018.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Hemiphyllodactylus ngwelwini</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> can be separated from all other species of <i>Hemiphyllodactylus</i> by possessing the unique combination of having a maximum SVL of 40.2 mm; 9–13 chin scales; enlarged postmentals; five circumnasal scales; 1–3 intersupranasals (=postrostrals); 8–11 supralabials; 8–10 infralabials; 11–14 longitudinally arranged dorsal scales at midbody contained within one eye diameter and seven or eight ventral scales; four subdigital lamellae on the first finger and toe; 15–22 continuous, pore-bearing, femoroprecloacal scales in males; no plate-like subcaudal scales; adult females variably yellow; a dark postorbital stripe extending to at least base of neck; dorsolateral light-colored spots usually present on trunk; no dark, dorsolateral or ventrolateral stripe on trunk; dark zig-zag of paravertebral markings on trunk variable; light-colored postsacral marking variably bearing anteriorly projecting arms; and caecum and gonads unpigmented. These characters are scored across all Burmese species in Tables 3 and 6 and from all other species of <i>Hemiphyllodactylus</i> from southern China and western Thailand (clades 3 and 4 in Grismer <i>et al.</i> (2017: Table 3)).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype.</b> Adult male, SVL 34.4 mm; head triangular in dorsal profile, depressed, distinct from neck; lores flat; rostrum moderate in length (SN/SVL 0.10); prefrontal region weakly concave; canthus rostralis smoothly rounded, barely discernible; snout moderate, rounded in dorsal profile; eye large; ear opening elliptical, small; eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral wider than high, bordered posteriorly by large supra- nasals; two differently sized intersupranasals (=postnasals); external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by supranasal, posteriorly by two postnasals, ventrally by first supralabial (=circumnasals); eight (R, L) rectangular supralabials tapering to below posterior margin of eye; 9, 10 (R, L) rectangular infralabials tapering to below posterior margin of eye; scales of rostrum, lores, top of head, and occiput small, granular, those of rostrum largest and slightly raised; dorsal superciliaries flat, mostly square, subimbricate, largest anteriorly; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials, posteriorly by two large nearly square postmentals; each postmental in contact with first infralabial, bordered laterally by single slightly enlarged sublabial; 10 chin scales; gular scales small, subimbricate, grading posteriorly into slightly larger, subimbricate throat and even larger pectoral scales which grade into slightly larger, subimbricate ventrals.</p> <p>Body somewhat elongate (AG/SVL 0.49), dorsoventrally compressed; ventrolateral folds absent; dorsal scales small, granular, 12 dorsal scales at midbody contained within one eye diameter; ventral scales flat, subimbricate much larger than dorsal scales, eight ventral scales contained within one eye diameter; precloacal scales slightly larger than abdominal scales; pore-bearing precloacal scales continuous with pore-bearing femoral scales, totaling 21 pore-bearing femoroprecloacal scales; single enlarged tubercle on anterior margin of hemipenial swelling; forelimbs short, robust in stature, covered with flat, subimbricate scales dorsally and ventrally; palmar scales flat, subimbricate; all digits except digit I well-developed; digit I vestigial, clawless; distal subdigital lamellae of digits II–V undivided, angular and U-shaped, lamellae proximal to these transversely expanded; distal lamellar formula of digits II–V 3-3-3-3 (R, L); four transversely expanded lamellae on digit I; claws on digits II–V well developed, unsheathed; distal portions of digits strongly curved, terminal joint free, arising from central portion of lamellar pad; hind limbs short, more robust than forelimbs, covered with flat, juxtaposed scales dorsally and larger, flat subimbricate scales ventrally; plantar scales low, flat, subimbricate; all digits except digit I well-developed; digit I vestigial, clawless; distal subdigital lamellae of digits II–V undivided, angular and U-shaped, lamellae proximal to these transversely expanded; distal lamellar formula of digits II–V 3-3-3-3 (R, L); four transversely expanded lamellae on digit I; claws on digits II–V well-developed, unsheathed; distal portions of digits strongly curved, terminal joint free, arising from central portion of lamellar pad; caudal scales not occurring in whorls; dorsal caudal scales of original tail larger than dorsal body scales, flat, subcycloid, subimbricate; subcaudals slightly larger than dorsal caudals, not plate-like. Raw and ratiometric mensural data are presented in Table 7.</p> <p>....Continued next page</p> <p> <b>Coloration in life (Fig. 4).</b> All <i>Hemiphyllodactylus</i> are capable of considerable change in the intensity and boldness of their coloration and pattern. The description below was taken when the holotype was photographed the morning after capture, approximately 12 hours following the time of collection while during its light-phase. Ground color of top of head, body, and limbs, gray and densely mottled with darker markings; top of head overlain with dark, semi-reticulate pattern; broad, dark, diffuse pre- and postorbital stripe extends from the external nares, through eye to just posterior of forelimb insertion on the body; pairs of diffuse, dark, paravertebral markings counter-shaded posteriorly with diffuse white spots extend from nape to base of tail transforming into a distinct, dark (nearly black), post-sacral band; immaculate, beige post-sacral marking immediately posterior to black post-sacral band not bearing light-colored, anteriorly projecting arms; dorsum and flanks faintly mottled with diffuse speckling; limbs bearing irregularly shaped, diffuse, dark markings; original tail bearing eight dark bands; gular region generally immaculate, except for darker lateral areas and faint stippling in scales; pigmentation density increases posteriorly with abdomen being generally gray; ground color of dorsal caudal region beige, bearing nine black diffuse bands not encircling tail; median subcaudal region faintly orange, generally immaculate.</p> <p> <b>Variation (Figs. 4, 5).</b> The color patterns of the paratypes generally match that of the holotype and no interpopulational differences were observed (Table 6). The dark, dorsal pattern of LSUHC 14326, 14328, 14330, 14489 is not as bold as that of the holotype. LSUHC 14476 is a juvenile with a broken tail. The tails of LSUHC 14326–28, 14330, and 14489 are regenerated and generally unicolor gray. Variation in scales counts, mensural data, and additional minor aspects in coloration are presented in Table 7.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> <i>Hemiphyllodactylus ngwelwini</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is known from three localities across a distance of approximately 29 km from Pwe Hla Village in the north to the Thayeumin and Myintmahati caves in the south, Shan State (Fig. 1).</p> <p> <b>Natural History.</b> All individuals from Pwe Hla Village were found on man-made structures in highly disturbed forest. LSUHC 14328–29 and LSUHC 14489 were collected on the walls of cement water tanks and LSUHC 14330 was collected from the underside of a wooden roof from a nearby rest shelter along the road. Both specimens from the Myintmahati Cave population (LSUHC 14326–27) were collected on cement structures immediately outside of a limestone cave in highly disturbed forest. LSUHC 14473 (the holotype) and LSUHC 14474–76 from the Thayeumin Cave population were found outside the limestone cave on corrugated tin shacks, cement buildings, and other man-made structures (Fig. 6) between a rice paddy and an isolated tract of highly disturbed forest.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet recognizes and honors Mr. Ngwe Lwin, northern Program Manager of Fauna and Flora International in Myanmar. Mr. Ngwe Lwin has been supportive and invaluably instrumental in facilitating our field work in Myanmar since October of 2017.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons</b>. The molecular analyses indicate that <i>Hemiphyllodactylus ngwelwini</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is a genetically distinct member of the north lineage composed of three, putatively, interbreeding populations being that the intrapopulational uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence across 29 km is only 1.0% and that individuals from the three populations are polyphyletic with respect to one another (Fig. 1, Table 8). <i>Hemiphyllodactylus ngwelwini</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is the sister species to a clade composed of <i>H. ywanganensis</i> and the sister species <i>H. uga,</i> and <i>H. linnwayensis</i> (Fig. 1) from which it bears an uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of 8.4% from <i>H. linnwayensis,</i> 9.0% from <i>H. uga,</i> and 8.5% from <i>H. ywanganensis</i> (Table 8). <i>H. ngwelwini</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs significantly from <i>H. linnwayensis, H. montawaensis,</i> and <i>H. tonywhitteni</i> in mean values of CS (10.8 vs 5.0, <i>p</i> = 7.42 -06; 10.8 vs 6.3, <i>p</i> = 4.93 -05; and 10.8 vs. 6.6, <i>p</i> = 5.14 -05; respectively; Table 3); differs significantly from <i>H. tonywhitteni</i> in mean values of DS (12.7 vs 14.8, <i>p</i> = 0.014; Table 3); and from <i>H. montawaensis</i> it differs significantly in adjusted mean values of HL (1.985 vs 2.852, <i>p</i> = 0.021; Fig. 2, Table 3). <i>Hemiphyllodactylus ngwelwini</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from <i>H. uga</i> and <i>H. ywanganensis</i> (n = 2) by having four subdigital lamelae on the first finger as opposed to two or three in <i>H. uga</i> and three in <i>H. ywanganensis</i> and four subdigital lamelae on the first toe as opposed to two or three in the latter two species. However, the sample sizes of the latter two species (n =4 and n = 2, respectively) are so small that these values are likely to change with the addition of more samples. Owing to the high intraspecific variability of color pattern characters in <i>H. ngwelwini</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> (Figs. 4, 5), no interspecific differences between it and other members of the north lineage were found.</p>Published as part of <i>Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Quah, Evan S. H., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Oaks, Jamie R. & Lin, Aung, 2020, Four new Burmese species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from distantly related parapatric clades from the Shan Plateau and Salween Basin, pp. 45-82 in Zootaxa 4758 (1)</i> on pages 57-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4758.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3730792">http://zenodo.org/record/3730792</a>
Job satisfaction among Myanmar working population, a cross-sectional study
No full textThe gap between expectations and reality could lead to low job satisfaction. Although much literature has been described on job satisfaction among different categories of people, more research is needed to acknowledge the judgment of job satisfaction among some of the Myanmar working population. The study aims to find out the satisfaction level of a job and the factors related to it. The cross-sectional study was conducted in January 2019 by calling for face-to-face interviews with 536 respondents selected using a convenient sampling technique using a pre-tested questionnaire. The highest satisfied respondents were >50 years age group (86.11%), females (71.89%), higher officials (90.53%), and more than three years of service (78.35%). In the adjusted analysis, having 41–50 year age group (AOR 2.72; 95% CI: 1.08–6.83), part-time job nature (AOR 2.16; 95% CI: 1.17–3.99), and the higher official (AOR 5.71; 95% CI: 2.48–13.13) were significantly associated with job satisfaction. Relationships with the direct executive and, organization and management were the main determinants of job satisfaction. Moreover, the respondents with higher positions were more likely to have higher job satisfaction in the study.departmental bulletin pape
