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Assessing the Adoption of Good Agricultural Practices in Muskmelon Production in Chaung Oo Township, Myanmar
No full textGood Agricultural Practices (GAP) in Myanmar has not yet successfully implemented all around the country, but some farmers and large farm owners now start adopting GAP for fruits production. Data were collected from a total of 105 respondents by suing semi structured questionnaires.
This study revealed that muskmelon farmers’ understanding and awareness on GAP was at a good level but the adoption rate on GAP was still weak. The highest adoption rate was found in the group that followed 10 to 13 out of the 16 recommended guidelines, while the moderate adoption rate was observed in the group that followed 6 to 9 guidelines. The least adoption rate was observed in the group that only followed 3 to 5 guidelines. The adoption of recommended GAP guidelines on muskmelon production was observed positively related with education level of the respondents, farm size, market condition, and extension services for GAP. The difficulty of some GAP guidelines and market condition for GAP products influenced farmers’ perception on the adoption of GAP and the change of farmers’ GAP understanding in the study area. This study also highlight that highly adopting group and moderately adopting group got higher price than less adopting group
Design Calculation and Performance Testing of Heating Coil in Induction Surface Hardening Machine
No full textThe induction hardening machines are utilized in
the industries which modify machine parts and tools needed to
achieve high ware resistance. This paper describes the model of
induction heating process design of inverter circuit and the results
of induction surface hardening of heating coil. In the design of
heating coil, the shape and the turn numbers of the coil are very
important design factors because they decide the overall operating
performance of induction heater including resonant frequency, Q
factor, efficiency and power factor. The performance will be tested
by experiments in some cases high frequency induction hardening
machine
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of some Myanmar Mango (Mangifera spp. L.) Accessions using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
No full textAbstract—Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a favorite fruit in the world especially in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. It is a rich source of vitamins, ß-carotene, minerals, and antioxidants. Mango is known as “the king of fruits” for its taste and flavor. It is native to Southern Asia, especially Burma and eastern India. Since Myanmar is one of the origins of mango. A wide genetic diversity may be found in Myanmar accordingly. Some phenotypic characterizations of Myanmar mangoes have been done but the information of genetic assessments is still limited. Therefore, the present study intended to make genetic assessments of some Myanmar mango accessions collected from different
geographical regions using Simple Sequence
Repeat markers (SSR). This study was
carried out at the laboratory of the
Department of Horticulture, Yezin
Agricultural University (YAU). Fully grown
mango leaf samples were used to extract total
genomic DNA. The DNAs were extracted by
modified CTAB method and checked purity
and concentration with nano
spectrophotometer. The sample DNAs were
amplified using five pairs of SSR primers.
One SSR (MSSR80) revealed as
monomorphic marker among tested 94
mango accessions. The data were analysed
using Structure 2.2 and Phylip software
package. The phylogenetic tree was
constructed by MEGA6 software program.
According to population structure analysis,
94 mango accessions could be distinguished
into three populations though four accessions
were assessed as admixtures. Four
accessions; Parr Phyu Thee (Kinda), Pann
Bin Ga Lar (Kalar Gyi), Pyo Ta Ngon
(Kinda) and Yin Kwae (Kinda) stood as
admixtures. No correlation between the
geographical distribution and population
structure of mango was found. One accession,
Sein Ta Lone (Pan Swae) stood as an
outstanding accession in phylogenetic tree
constructed by Phylip program although it
was grouped together with Shwe Myo Sae,
Ma Chit Su and others in population
structure analysis. It was hard to say discrete
population. Almost all accessions of a
population possessed some alleles from other
populations. It implied that cross pollination
nature plays an important role in mango gene
pool. Accordingly, wider genetic diversity
would be expected among mango population
in Myanmar
The Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, Predicting Factors and Impact of Long COVID Syndrome Following Third Wave of Epidemic in Myanmar: Prospective Study
No full textBackground: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China at the end of 2019, became a major threat to health around the world by causing acute COVID-19 infection. After recovery, a significant number of patients experience prolonged symptoms, long COVID syndrome. The prevalence of long COVID syndrome, its symptoms, severity and relation between clinical parameters and long COVID syndrome, and its impact were not studied in Myanmar.
Methods: A prospective study was conducted via telecommunication to patients with positive SARS COV 2 PCR from nasopharyngeal swab during the third wave from end of May to August 2021. Data were collected by using standardized forms and analysis was done. A chi-square test of independence was performed to examine the relation between age groups, gender, body mass index (BMI), vaccination status, comorbidity status, severity of initial symptoms, oxygen requirement status, and symptoms of long covid syndrome.
Results: Though initial recruitment included 18,709 patients with PCR confirmed COVID-19 infection, only 853 patients with recovery were analyzed. Long COVID syndrome was recorded in nearly 40% (333/853) of them; sixty percent of them (520/853) did not experienced symptoms following recovery. The common presenting symptoms in order of frequency were fatigue 58.9% (196/333), insomnia 27.3% (91/333), palpitation 17.1% (57/333), poor concentration 15.6% (52/333), anxiety 8.7% (29/333), myalgia 6.6% (22/333), chest pain 5.1% (17/333), persistent cough 4.2% (14/333), rash 3% (10/333), headache 2.7% (9/333), diarrhea 1.8% (6/333), anosmia 1.5% (5/333), sensory symptoms 0.9% (3/333) and dyspnea 0.9% (3/333). The majority 70% described as mild- not disturbing daily activity or job; however, 3% had severe symptoms- disturbing daily activity or job. Minority of cases 3% (10/333) required oxygen therapy for 2 months. Age, sex and BMI were not related with long COVID syndrome. However, initial multiple symptoms more than 2, co-morbidity, vaccination and initial oxygen requirement had significantly relationship with development of long COVID syndrome.
Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of long COVID syndrome among survivors was 40%; the common presenting symptoms in order of frequency were fatigue, insomnia, palpitation and poor concentration. Most of the cases had mild symptoms- not disturb job or daily routine activity. Nearly 80% of them admitted that their health status was not back to pre-COVID condition. Not only the patients with COVID-19 infection having initial multiple symptoms, co-morbidity, no vaccination and initial oxygen requirement but also their care givers should be warned about possible long COVID syndrome; and the necessary for follow up. Vaccination may prevent long COVID syndrome; it should be prioritized to those with comorbidity. It highlighted the need for systematic follow-up after hospitalisation with COVID-19 with multi-disciplinary team, rehabilitation and further investigation
Characterization of Fruit Quality Traits and Biochemical Properties in Different Myanmar Mango Cultivars during Ripening Stages
No full textHere, we characterized the changes in fruit quality and biochemical parameters in four Myanmar mango cultivars from ripening stage 1 to 4 at ambient temperature. Total soluble solids, total sugars, and reducing and non-reducing sugar content increased, whereas titratable acidity decreased with increasing storage time in all cultivars. ‘Sein Ta Lone’ showed the highest consumer acceptability, with maximum sensory quality scores owing to its unique characteristics. ‘Hin Thar’ and ‘Ma Chit Su’ also had better quality and sensory attributes than ‘Yin Kwae’. Sugar/acid ratios in all cultivars ranged from 23 to 50, the standard sugar/acid ratios in high-quality mango fruits. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity among cultivars ranged from 8.20 to 14.96 mg gallic acid equivalents and 19.52 to 26.79 mg vitamin C equivalents antioxidant capacity, respectively, per 100 g of fruit extract throughout the storage. ‘Hin Thar’ was the richest in phytochemical compounds. A significant positive correlation was found between total phenolic activity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of fruits, showing that TPC exhibited linear relationships with the antioxidant activities of each mango variety during the different stages of ripening
Blind fault branching and propagation beneath Central Myanmar Basin revealed by high-resolution aftershock location and focal mechanism of the 2019 Mw5.5 YeU earthquake sequence
No full textAccurate and precise location and focal mechanism of aftershocks is a fundamental topic in seismology. However, nearfield seismic observations are usually not available for high-resolution source studies, or even when they are available high frequency waveform analyses are rarely conducted to extract more information. Here we study a unique dense nodal array data acquired by the deployment in the source region of the 2019 Mw5.5 strike-slip earthquake in Central Myanmar Basin (CMB). The network, composed of 20 nodal stations with station spacing of ~5km, was deployed ~2 weeks after the mainshock for ~ 40 days. We applied a machine learning based algorithm (Earthquake-Transformer) to detect 667 events from the dataset. Double difference relocation reveals that these events are distributed between 7 to 16 km in depth with a near E-W trending horizontal distribution, which is consistent with the left-lateral fault plane solution of the mainshock. On the vertical component of most of the stations, we observed a strong phase between P and S arrival times. This is an S-to-P converted phase from a sharp velocity boundary between the basin and the bedrock. The best 1D velocity model constrained by 3-component waveform modelling suggests a sedimentary layer thickness of ~3.5km beneath the stations. To determine the focal mechanism of aftershocks, we conducted high-frequency (up to a few Hz) waveform inversions that result in high quality waveform fits hence robust focal mechanisms of ~ 100 aftershocks with Mw1-2. In these focal mechanisms, ~50% are strike-slip events, ~40% are thrust events and ~10% are normal events, all corresponding to NE-SW oriented compressive stress. The thrust events have strikes oriented mostly in NW-SE direction and have dip angles of ~ 45°. Highly diverse aftershock focal mechanisms suggest the fault system is likely immature. The thrust and normal events indicate that the mainshock rupture had branched into or activated nearby secondary faults, which allow the strike-slip fault to propagate and develop a more complex fault system
Study of fault zone and basin structure of 2019 Mw5.5 Ye-U earthquake sequence beneath Central Myanmar Basin
No full textAccurate and precise location of earthquake sequence is critical to better understand seismotectonics, such as better delineation fault geometry and understanding of the rupture of the earthquakes. However, nearfield seismic observations are usually rare for such study. Here we study a unique dense nodal array data acquired by the deployment after the 31/08/2019 Mw5.5 crustal earthquake that is located ~50km to the west of Sagaing fault near Mandalay beneath ShweBo Central Myanmar Basin (CMB). The network, composed of 20 nodal stations with station spacing of ~5km, was deployed ~ 2 weeks after the mainshock and continuously recording for ~ 40 days. High quality waveforms containing clear P and S phase arrivals, and an interesting P-to-S phase converted at the basement of CMB were recorded for aftershocks. We applied a machine learning based automatic phase detection software (Earthquake-Transformer) to the dataset and detected 1143 events that were recorded by at least 3 stations. Double difference relocation of these aftershocks reveals a near E-W trending fault with a dimension of ~10km along strike and located between 7 to 12 km in depth. The strike of aftershock lineation is highly consistent with the focal mechanism derived from regional waveform inversion, indicating a left lateral strike-slip fault beneath CMB. Mainshock epicenter refined by a path calibration technique is located to the western edge of the seismicity, suggesting an eastward rupture directivity of the mainshock. Taking advantage of the P-basin-S converted phase at the basement of CMB, we constrained the thickness of the basin to be 5 ± 0.7 km. Strong strength of the P-basin-S phase requires sharp velocity change between the basin and bedrock. It is possible that the earthquake sequence is a result of small block rotation that has been taking place beneath the CMB due to the convergence of India plate. Another possible explanation is a conjugate fault system associated with 2012 Mw 6.8 Thabeikkyin earthquake sequence which ruptured close to Sagaing fault
Evaluation of the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a Community-delivered Integrated Malaria Elimination (CIME) model in Myanmar: protocol for an open stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial
No full textIntroduction In the Greater Mekong Subregion, community health workers, known as malaria volunteers, have played a key role in reducing malaria in the control phase, providing essential malaria services in areas with limited formal healthcare. However, the motivation and social role of malaria volunteers, and testing rates, have declined with decreasing malaria burden and reorientation of malaria programmes from control to elimination. Provision of additional interventions for common health concerns could help sustain the effectiveness of volunteers and maintain malaria testing rates required for malaria elimination accreditation by the WHO.Methods and analysis The Community-delivered Integrated Malaria Elimination (CIME) volunteer model, integrating interventions for malaria, dengue, tuberculosis, childhood diarrhoea and malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)-negative fever, was developed based on global evidence and extensive stakeholder consultations. An open stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial, randomised at the volunteer level, will be conducted over 6 months to evaluate the effectiveness of the CIME model in Myanmar. One hundred and forty Integrated Community Malaria Volunteers (ICMVs, current model of care) providing malaria services in 140 villages will be retrained as CIME volunteers (intervention). These 140 ICMVs/villages will be grouped into 10 blocks of 14 villages, with blocks transitioned from control (ICMV) to intervention states (CIME), fortnightly, in random order, following a 1-week training and transition period. The primary outcome of the trial is blood examination rate determined by the number of malaria RDTs performed weekly. Difference in rates will be estimated across village intervention and control states using a generalised linear mixed modelling analytical approach with maximum likelihood estimation.Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by Institutional Review Board, Myanmar Department of Medical Research (Ethics/DMR/2020/111) and Alfred Hospital Ethics Review Committee, Australia (241/20). Findings will be disseminated in peer-review journals, conferences and regional, national and local stakeholder meetings.Trial registration number NCT0469588
