6 research outputs found
PRARANCANGAN PABRIK HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE MENGGUNAKAN PROSES WOOD DAN STEVEN DENGAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI 15.000 TON/TAHUN
No full textPrarancangan pabrik Hexamethylene Tetramine menggunakan bahan baku ammonia dan formaldehida. Ammonia diperoleh dari PT. Insoclay Acidatama Indonesia, sementara itu formaldehida dibeli dari PT. Dover Chemical. Pabrik ini beroperasi selama 330 hari/tahun dengan kapasitas produksi 15.000 ton/tahun.Perseroan Terbatas (PT) adalah bentuk perusahaan yang direncakan dengan menggunakan struktur garis dan staf. Jumlah tenaga kerja di dalam pabrik ini adalah 133 orang. Rencana pendirian pabrik di Kecamatan Grogol Kodya, Kota Cilegon, Banten dengan luas area 21.400 m2. Kebutuhan air untuk pabrik ini sebesar 63.982,831 kg/jam yang diperoleh dari sungai Cidanau. Jumlah listrik yang dihasilkan generator diesel sebesar 1,187 MW.Hasil analisa ekonomi yang diperoleh adalah sebagai berikut:1. Fixed Capital Investment = Rp. 358.041.506.484,-2. Working Capital Investment = Rp. 89.510.376.621,-3. Total Capital Investment = Rp. 447.551.883.105,-4. Total biaya produksi = Rp. 1.100.323.057.367,-5. Hasil penjualan = Rp. 1.281.607.169.724,-6. Laba bersih = Rp. 135.963.084.268,-7. Pay Out Time = 2,7 tahun (Metode Linear)8. Break Event Point = 46% (Metode Linear)9. Internal Rate of Return = 33,04% (Metode Cash Flow
SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI KOMPOSIT HIBRIDA SERAT KELAPA DAN FLY ASH DIPERKUAT POLYESTER
No full textPemanfaatan suatu bahan baku yang berasal dari alam saat ini menjadi daya tarik untuk para peneliti. Serat kelapa dan fly ash merupakan bahan alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan material komposit. Serat kelapa dan fly ash sebagai material komposit masih memiliki kekurangan dalam sifat mekanik maupun sifat termailnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya inovasi untuk meningkatkan sifat-sifat ini dengan coupling agent dan hibridisasi filler. Variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah rasio serat kelapa terhadap fly ash dan konsentrasi silane coupling agent. Rasio serat kelapa terhadap fly ash yang digunakan adalah (10:4, 7:4, 4:4, 4:7, dan 4:10 %wt), sedangkan konsentrasi silane coupling agent adalah 0 dan 5%. Berdasarkan analisa gugus fungsi, alkali dan silane treatment yang diberikan kepada serat kelapa mampu mengurangi kadar lignin dan hemiselulosa serta menambah gugus fungsi baru yaitu Si-O-C. Hasil tertinggi sifat fisik komposit hibrida diantaranya densitas, water absorption, dan thickness swelling berturut-turut sebesar 2,6123 g/cm3, 4,6595%, dan 7,4692x10-3%. Hasil tertinggi sifat mekanik komposit hibrida diantaranya tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation, dan flexural strength berturut-turut sebesar 27,4649 MPa, 1,4264 GPa, 2,8999%, dan 113,7677 MPa. Sedangkan hasil sifat termal yang dilihat dari persen weight loss yang diperoleh dari setiap sampel menunjukkan hasil terbaik untuk pengaruh rasio sebesar 90,44% dan untuk pengaruh silane treatment sebesar 84,38%. Coupling agent dan hibridisasi filler, mampu meningkatkan sifat fisik, mekanik, dan termal dari komposit hibrida berpengisi serat kelapa dan fly ash
Effect of Addition Elephant Grass Cellulose and CaCO3 Oyster Shell Waste as Bioplastic Composites
No full textThe effect of adding cellulose and CaCO3 as a bioplastic filler was studied. The source of cellulose is obtained from elephant grass plants, while CaCO3 is obtained from oyster shell waste. The primary raw material for bioplastics is tapioca starch with glycerol as a plasticizer using the solution casting method. The resulting bioplastics are thin and transparent but not very elastic, with a thickness is 1 mm. The mechanical properties test of bioplastics obtained tensile strength between 1-3 MPa and elongation between 1-4.4%. Physical properties test results obtained density between 0.313-0.33 g/mL and water absorption between 31.94-81.16%. The morphological test showed that the bioplastic surface was getting more uneven with more CaCO3 filler. The use of cellulose fillers without the combination obtained better results than cellulose and CaCO3 fillers
Analysis Of Physical And Chemical Impact On The Krueng Montala River, Aceh Besar Regency: Sand And Stone Mining Activity Effect
No full textRivers are important for human survival providing raw water for the community's clean water needs. Rivers also provide sand, gravel, and rocks commonly used for construction. However, improper exploitation of the river without considering environmental sustainability may cause future damage to it. The damage is usually caused by mining activities violating environmental regulations. The main point of this study is to evaluate the changes in the riverbank and riverbed of Krueng Montala River, Aceh, Indonesia, due to the mining activity around that place. The method used to analyze the changes was measuring the river's topographical contours at the end of mining activities and comparing the results with the initial licensing data based on the Mining License Number 540/DPMPTSP/414/IUP-OP/2020. Some of the equipment used in evaluating the condition of the river includes a Nikon Total Station, standard measuring tanks, Garmin 62Csx, and GPS. The measured data was also compared to the Technical Recommendation Number SA.02.03/BWS1/1542 from the River Basin Office of Sumatera 1. Based on the technical recommendation, the sufficient excavation volume is 10,201.44 m3 . The field data for lost and excavated materials at the research location was 40,861.4 m3 , and the total riverbank material loss at the study location was 7,566.33 m3 . The impact of mining activities on chemical parameters in the Krueng Montala River is still within the standard limits permitted by the government, such as TDS, TSS, COD, and BOD parameters. The influence of mining activities on chemical parameters in the Krueng Montala River did not show results that exceeded the standard limits permitted by the government, such as TDS, TSS, COD, and BOD parameters
Enhancing polyethersulfone membrane durability and stability through Eco-friendly green silica from natural kaolin for water treatment applications
No full textMembrane technology is pivotal in addressing global water scarcity; however, issues such as membrane fouling and chemical degradation significantly hinder its operational efficiency and longevity. This study investigates the use of eco-friendly green silica derived from natural kaolin as an additive to enhance the performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes fabricated via the phase inversion method. Seven membrane compositions were developed, incorporating varying concentrations of both green silica and commercial silica, to allow a direct performance comparison. The membranes were systematically characterized for hydrophilicity, porosity, pore size distribution, and mechanical stability, while their filtration performance was evaluated in terms of water flux, humic acid (HA) rejection, fouling resistance, and chemical stability.The findings revealed that green silica enhanced membrane hydrophilicity and porosity at optimal concentrations, leading to improved fouling resistance and cleaning efficiency. Notably, the membrane containing 1 % green silica (M-K3) exhibited a high HA rejection rate of 98.37 % with a moderate water flux of 10.85 L/m²·h, balancing selectivity and permeability. In contrast, membranes containing 1 % commercial silica (M-S3) showed higher water flux (86.83 L/m²·h) but lower HA rejection (73.75 %), highlighting a trade-off. Green silica-modified membranes also demonstrated superior chemical stability, maintaining consistent performance under extended filtration and exposure to cleaning agents. These results underscore the potential of kaolin-derived green silica as a cost-effective, sustainable, and high-performance alternative to commercial additives in water treatment membranes
Remediation of Remains Place Gold Mining Land Using Boiler Ash and Sludge from Palm Oil Liquid Waste Processing
No full textThe activity of placer gold mining has ruined the ecosystem by disturbing the upper soil layers, contaminating waterways, and leading to sedimentation downstream. This study is being carried out in order to improve soil quality in Tanoh Mirah Village, Sungai Mas Subdistrict, West Aceh Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The main objective is to explore the impact of applying boiler ash and sludge from the palm oil liquid waste processing on enhancing the fertility of soil in areas previously used for mining activites. Infertile soil samples from the remains mining site were treated with a specific composition of boiler ash and sludge, placed in 5 kg plastic containers, and stored for 15 days. Subsequently, soil pH, accessible phosphorus (P), organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and exchangeable potassium (K) analyses were performed. The research findings demonstrate that after the remediation treatment, soil quality improved significantly. The soil's organic carbon content increased from 0.42% to 2.92% after applying 1,500 grams of sludge. The total nitrogen level increased from 0.02%. to 0.2% after treated with 1,500 grams of sludge, and 500 grams of boiler ash. The phosphorus content of the soil increased up to 123.13 mg/kg from original condition of 1.3 mg/kg, when 1,500 grams of boiler ash were added. In summary, boiler ash and sludge remain from the palm oil industry’s waste processing activities have the potential to be used for enhacing the quality of soil damaged by placer gold mining processes
