1,721,043 research outputs found
Geometric Aspects of Discrete Elastic Rods
No full textElastic rods are curve-like elastic bodies that have one dimension (length) much larger than the others (cross-section). Their elastic energy breaks down into three contributions: stretching, bending, and twisting. Stretching and bending are captured by the deformation of a space curve called the centerline, while twisting is captured by the rotation of a material frame associated to each point on the centerline. Building on the notions of framed curves, parallel transport, and holonomy, we present a smooth and a corresponding discrete theory that establishes an efficient model for simulating thin flexible rods with arbitrary cross section and undeformed configuration
Discrete elastic rods
No full textWe present a discrete treatment of adapted framed curves, parallel transport, and holonomy, thus establishing the language for a discrete geometric model of thin flexible rods with arbitrary cross section and undeformed configuration. Our approach differs from existing simulation techniques in the graphics and mechanics literature both in the kinematic description---we represent the material frame by its angular deviation from the natural Bishop frame---as well as in the dynamical treatment---we treat the centerline as dynamic and the material frame as quasistatic. Additionally, we describe a manifold projection method for coupling rods to rigid-bodies and simultaneously enforcing rod inextensibility. The use of quasistatics and constraints provides an efficient treatment for stiff twisting and stretching modes; at the same time, we retain the dynamic bending of the centerline and accurately reproduce the coupling between bending and twisting modes. We validate the discrete rod model via quantitative buckling, stability, and coupled-mode experiments, and via qualitative knot-tying comparisons
Stability of viscous sheets in open flow
No full textNous étudions un rideau visqueux en écoulement vertical. Un injecteur situé en haut du domaine forme un écoulement ouvert composé d'un liquide visqueux homogène qui s'écoule dans un bain et est accéléré dans son mouvement vertical par l'effet de la gravité. Des zones présentant des taux de contrainte compressifs peuvent apparaître au sein de l'écoulement. Le rideau visqueux est alors susceptible de flamber, perdant sa géométrie plane. Le flambage d'une structure fine et visqueuse a précédemment été étudié dans le contexte d'un écoulement de base présentant une direction d'invariance, ici l'état précontraint est purement bidimensionnel. La modélisation théorique de l'écoulement ouvert prend en compte les effets advectifs. Nous introduirons des outils théoriques et numériques que nous appliquons à un problème classique de la mécanique des solides. Nous utilisons ensuite ces mêmes méthodes pour le rideau tombant. Nous obtenons un modèle de plaque visqueuse dont la cinématique mélange des vitesses et un déplacement hors plan. Les termes membranaires sont inspirés de la mécanique des structures fines et obtenus par l'analogie Stokes-Rayleigh, qui transpose aux écoulements visqueux les notions d'étirement et de flexion d'une plaque. Les équations d'équilibre de flambage étant d'ordre élevé, nous aurons recours à une implémentation numérique particulière. Les effets de la capillarité peuvent être pris en compte dans le modèle et seront étudiés. Nous concluons par une approche théorique de la stabilité de l'écoulement. Nous adaptons une méthode d'analyse des écoulements ouverts instables en cisaillement à l'équilibre de flambage du rideau visqueux.We consider a vertical sheet made up of an homogeneous viscous fluid and falling into a bath. This curtain is formed by an inlet injecting viscous fluid at the top of the domain and creating an open flow. The resulting thin structure is falling under the effect of gravity, and develops regions of compressive stress. These may lead to a mechanical instability as the sheet can buckle under compression, losing its planar geometry and deforming in the out-of-plane direction.In previous studies, buckling of a viscous sheet that leads to surface wrinkles was associated with flows having a direction of invariance. We will be considering a genuinely two-dimensional stress state.We first introduce stability methods on a simple solid mechanics problem, obtaining equations in weak form and using a finite elements solver to obtain its buckled configurations.We will then study both the modelling of the falling curtain as a viscous membrane and its numerical resolution. We will derive a model with kinematics mixing velocities and displacements and use a viscous membrane model. Inspired by the solid mechanics of thin structures it uses the Stokes-Rayleigh analogy to transpose the concepts of stretching and bending stress to viscous flows. Equations for the out-of-plane equilibrium are of high order and require a specific numerical scheme. Capillary effects can be taken into account in the model and we assess their influence.We finally present a stability analysis hoping to improve our analytical understanding of the buckling phenomenon. We adapt a framework developed for the study of open shear flows instabilities to the out-of-plane equilibrium equations
Instabilities in hyper-elastic beams : from extended buckling to localized patterns
No full textCe travail de thèse porte sur les instabilités dans les structures minces hyperélastiques. Nous analysons les mécanismes de sélection du motif de flambement dans un solide prismatique fortement pré-contraint. Pour ce système, le modèle de poutre classique d'Euler-Bernoulli n'est pas pertinent du fait de cette forte précontrainte et il est nécessaire de recourir à une description 3-d pour expliquer l'apparition de modes instables de petite longueur d'onde. Notre analyse, fondée sur la théorie de l'élasticité finie incrémentale, montre que la longueur typique du motif de flambement est sélectionnée par l'importance relative de la pré-contrainte et du rapport d'aspect du solide prismatique. Nous nous interrogeons ainsi sur les limites du modèle classique et proposons une piste de réflexion pour la construction de nouveaux modèles. Celle-ci repose sur un développement à deux échelles combiné aux équations d'équilibre du système formulées sous forme faible. Il est alors facile de résoudre les équations exactes à chaque ordre, ce qui donne accès à la cinématique complète du système. Nous mettons en œuvre cette méthode pour l'exemple simple d'un barreau homogène en compression, ce qui nous permet d'établir le modèle classique d'Euler-Bernoulli à partir des équations de l'élasticité 3-d. La dernière partie de ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étude du flambement de systèmes invariants d'échelle : l'étude expérimentale et numérique de la compression d'un prisme à base triangulaire met en lumière une transition inédite d'un mode de flambement étendu vers des motifs localisés.This Ph.D. work deals with buckling instabilities arising in thin hyper-elastic structures. We focus on instabilities arising in a prismatic solid submitted to finite incompatible pre-strains. We observe that the traditional 1-d Euler-Bernoulli beam model is not applicable to such a system because of the finite inhomogeneous pre-stress. The latter triggers short-wavelength instabilities that are note described by the classical 1-d models. We rely on the 3-d elasticity theory and propose a quantitative criterion on the ratio between the pre-stress and the cross-sectional aspect-ratio of the prismatic solid, that predicts the typical wavelength of the buckling pattern. This work questions the validity of classical 1-d models and suggests that extensions of these models are possible. We propose a method for the systematic derivation of reduced models. It relies on asymptotic expansions of the variational formulation of the equilibrium equations, starting from the complete expression of the energy. In this framework, kinematics can be entirely determined by solving the exact equations, order by order. We successfully apply this method to a homogeneous and isotropic beam submitted to a homogeneous compression and recover the classical Euler-Bernoulli beam model. In a last part of the manuscript we investigate the transition from extended wrinkling to localized creasing in a scale-invariant system made of a prismatic solid with a triangular cross-section, both experimentally and numerically
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Numerical models for thin biological structures: From thin viscous threads to visco-active shells
No full textWe discuss a general method for discretizing and simulating numerically thin structures based on the ideas of discrete differential geometry and on variational formulations. The method is successively first applied to elastic rods and viscous jets, and then to active viscous axisymmetric membranes, a model relevant to cytokinesis. We shortly discuss how contact and an enclosed incompressible fluids can be taken into account.Non UBCUnreviewedAuthor affiliation: CNRS and California Institute of TechnologyResearche
Elasticité et géométrie : de la rigidité des surfaces à la délamination en fil de téléphone
No full textThis thesis deals with the elasticity of thin, two dimensional bodies. We stress on the connection between the equations of elasticity and geometry. We first study the case of shells, that are defined as thin elastic bodies with natural curvature. It is known that the elastic behaviour of a shell is heavily determined by the infinitesimal rigidity of its mean surface: depending on whether it is possible or not to deform this surface while conserving the lengths of all curves drawn upon it, the shell is said to be isometrically bendable, or inhibited. We interpret the classification of surfaces of revolution by Cohn-Vossen, and extend it to more general surfaces. We point out rigidifying curves. Then, we consider the delamination of compressed thin films: under certain conditions, they detach from the substrate to which they were bound and lift it off. We study the crack of the film/substrate interface using a model of crack with Coulomb friction between the crack lips. Telephone-cord like delamination patterns have been observed in many situations. We interpret them as resulting from a secondary buckling instability using the Föppl-von Karman equations. Finally, we show that the structure of the Föppl-von Karman equations and the properties of the interfacial crack altogether explain the stability of delamination blisters.Cette thèse porte sur l'élasticité des corps minces bidimensionnels. Nous insistons sur les rapports entre les équations de l'élasticité et la géométrie. Nous envisageons tout d'abord le cas des coques, qui sont définies comme les corps élastiques minces possédant une courbure au repos. On sait que le comportement élastique d'une coque est largement conditionné par la rigidité infinitésimale de sa surface moyenne : selon qu'il est possible ou non de déformer cette surface tout en conservant les longueurs de toutes les courbes inscrites, on dira que la coque est isométriquement déformable, ou inhibée. Nous interprétons la classification des surfaces de révolution due à Cohn-Vossen, et la généralisons aux surfaces quelconques. Nous mettons en évidence des courbes rigidifiantes. Nous considérons ensuite la délamination des films minces comprimés : sous certaines conditions mécaniques, ces films se décollent du substrat auxquels ils adhéraient. Nous étudions la fracture de l'interface film/substrat au moyen d'un modèle de fissure avec frottement de Coulomb entre les lèvres. Des motifs de délamination en forme de fil de téléphone ont été largement observés expérimentalement. Nous les interprétons comme le résultat d'un flambage élastique secondaire dans les équations de Föppl–von Kármán. Enfin, nous montrons que la structure des équations de Föppl–von Kármán d'une part, et les propriétés de la fissure interfaciale d'autre part, permettent d'expliquer la stabilité des cloques de délamination
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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