1,720,990 research outputs found
Vitis species for stress tolerance/resistance
No full textMany wild plant species are actually true treasures of our world. The value of these treasures is better understood today and many wild species are used for different purposes. Also Vitis species are among the most important species with their ancient history. China and North America are the native ranges of many Vitis species that survive to the present day, most of which have survived by natural selection. These species have attracted the attention of plant breeders for many years due to their resistance to various biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and they have used these species to develop new cultivars. In parallel with the developments in the field of biotechnology, interspecific hybrid genotypes obtained in breeding research for resistance to different stress conditions can be obtained in accordance with the targets in a much shorter time. In these investigations, gene regions in Vitis species with resistance genes were transferred to new hybrid genotypes. Additionally, these species have been used as parents in many breeding programs in different countries due to their resistance to biotic stress conditions, especially fungal diseases. Similar breeding research has been carried out on tolerance to abiotic stress conditions, and interspecific cross-breeding have been made to develop hybrid genotypes that are more tolerant to many abiotic stress conditions. In recent years, resistance and high-quality wine and table grape cultivars obtained from rossbreeding have begun to be used in production. As a result, newly developed interspecific hybrid grapes can be grown with much lower production costs in accordance with the sustainable viticulture model
Table grape breeding programs and new cultivars
No full textTable grapes are grown in almost every continent and the cultivars grown according to consumer demands may differ over the years. For this reason, table grape breeding studies are carried out in many countries. These breeding studies are carried out in public Universities and Research Institutes, as well as in recent years, different private sector representatives have come together and started to carry out breeding studies by forming a consortium or company. Especially companies such as Sun World, IFG, SNFL and Grapa are the most notable among these table grape breeding organizations. In parallel with the developments in biotechnology, it has become possible to develop table grape cultivars with the desired properties in a much shorter time. Especially with the Vitisgen1 and Vitisgen2 projects, which resulted in the participation of many research institutions in the USA, many gene regions of grapes were mapped, and as a result, grape breeding studies are expected to yield results in a much shorter time. Although there is a demand for table grapes with different characteristics in world markets, the demand for seedless, larger berry and disease-tolerant or resistant cultivars is much higher. Especially seedless table grape breeding studies are still continuing in many countries such as USA, Italy, Spain, Chile, Japan, Korea, China and Turkey. However, in line with the rapidly changing consumer demands, the number of grapevine genetic resources is being increased in many countries and conserved to meet these future demands and use in breeding studies
Comparison of the effects of some applications on root and shoot development of different vitis species
No full textGrape varieties, rootstocks and genotypes belonging to the Vitis species have been grown for various purposes since ancient times. Different Vitis species can be propagated through both grafted and non-grafted methods. There are significant differences in rooting and shoot development among the rootstocks of different Vitis species. These differences significantly affect sapling yield and quality. In our study, we used grape varieties belonging to different species and polyploidy levels and the American grapevine rootstocks most commonly used in Turkiye to investigate the effects of five organic and inorganic based products on rooting and shoot development. We used 12 different grape varieties and seven different American grapevine rootstocks as materials. Two of the grape varieties belonging to different Vitis species were tetraploid. We investigated the effects of the five different applications on callus formation, root development level, number of roots, root length, number of shoots, shoot length and number of leaves on the shoot (excluding the rootstock). As a result, MAS RAIZ application, which is an organic based product, gave the best results in terms of callus development and shoot number, and 2000 ppm indole butyric acid applications gave the best results in terms of root development level and number of roots. Considering the general averages in terms of root length, shoot length and number of leaves on the shoot, pure water application gave better results than other applications. Growers must choose the most appropriate application, especially considering efficiency and cost. In addition, new products of chemical and organic origin that claim to promote rooting enter the market every year. These new products should be compared with scientific research, and the most accurate information should be provided to both growers and nurseries
Phenolic contents of some disease-resistant raisins (Vitis spp.)
No full textThe evaluation of different fruit species and grapes by drying gains importance especially because of its high nutrient content and long-term preservation. In addition, due to increasing consumer and environmental awareness, consumers have more demand for raisins produced by using minimum chemical pesticides throughout the production process. In addition, due to the increasing importance of phenolic compounds for human health, the demand for high phenolic content cultivars and their products is increasing. In this study, 7 different grape cultivars (‘Mars Seedless’, ‘Campbell Early’, ‘Muscat Bleu’, ‘Kay Gray’, ‘Philipp’, ‘Kishmish Vatkana’, ‘Rhea’) which are tolerant or resistant to fungal diseases and grown with a reduced spraying program were studied. Grapes were obtained from the trial vineyard of Yalova Atatürk Horticulture Central Research Institute (Yalova, Turkey). After these cultivars were dried in an energy-saving heat pump dryer, the important phenolic compound contents were determined by HPLC method and the differences between the cultivars were revealed. As a result, the phenolic compounds of the raisins obtained by drying these grape cultivars, which can be grown in humid regions, in an energy-saving heat pump dryer were determined and the correlations between these compounds were determined. Thus, it has been determined in this study that raisins are an important source of polyphenols and that there may be significant differences between species or cultivars
Developing of Seedless Grape Varieties
No full textIn this study, it was planned to identify the seedless genotypes by screening with molecular markers for early selection among the F1 genotypes obtained in the hybridization study. In addition, it was aimed to determine the appropriate sampling time by applying the embryo rescue technique for F1 genotypes obtained from these combinations in which seedless varieties were used as the female parent. When the conversion rates into plants were examined, 50% success was achieved in the Yalova Seedless X Glenora combination, while this rate was 62.5% in the Yalova Seedless X Philipp combination. In the study, F1 genotypes obtained from these were screened with the VvAGL11 marker. When the appropriate sampling times were examined, while the 8th week was prominent in the Yalova Seedless X Philipp combination, the best results were obtained from the samples taken at the 9th week in the Yalova Seedless X Glenora combination
Effects of plant growth regulator (2,4-D) treatments on fruit development and chemical content in the kiwifruit plant (Actinidia chinensis)
Full text linkAs a dioecious fruit tree, Kiwifruit requires pollination for female plants to bear fruit. This study used 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a plant growth regulator, to induce fruit set, improve quality and increase kiwifruit yield in Actinidia chinensis var. 'Donghong' without pollination. Exogenous application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) effectively triggered parthenocarpic fruit development in 'Donghong' kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. 'Donghong'), while significantly improving fruit quality. The fruit set rate of parthenocarpic fruits reached 16.95% with 2,4-D treatment at 140 days after flowering; female flowers treated with 2,4-D showed differences in pollen structure compared to those treated with water. Also, no viability was detected in female flower pollen treated with 2,4-D. At the maturity stage, the fruits from the 2,4-D treatment were slightly smaller than those from the control group. The 2,4-D treatment group showed significant differences from the control group in skin hardness, flesh firmness and core hardness. There was no significant difference in the soluble solids content between the fruits treated with 2,4-D and those from the control group at maturity. However, the dry matter content of the 2,4-D treated fruits was lower than that of the pollinated fruits. The soluble sugar content of mature fruits from 2,4-D treatment reached 18.59 g/kg, and organic acid content was 18.10 g/kg, resulting in a significantly higher sugar-acid ratio than the control group. The seeds from 2,4-D treated fruits failed to germinate normally. This technology can facilitate the induction of fruit sets in actual production, which has significant practical value and potential in kiwifruit processing. From these results, important data were obtained regarding the establishment and production of kiwifruit orchards without including pollinator varieties, which take up a significant amount of space in the orchard establishment and cause a decrease in the yield obtained from the total area
Response of hybrid grapes to two biotic stress factors and their seedlessness status
No full textGrape varieties belonging to the Vitis vinifera species are widely grown worldwide, and many of these are susceptible to powdery mildew and downy mildew. However, wild Vitis species are pretty resistant to these diseases. Hybrid genotypes that are resistant or tolerant to diseases can be produced through crossbreeding studies between V. vinifera and other Vitis species. Today, the demand for new table grape varieties, both seedless and disease-resistant or tolerant, has increased. In our study, we scored the resistance of F1 hybrid grape genotypes developed through crossbreeding with different Vitis species to powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) after natural inoculation. Furthermore, both seedless and disease-resistant genotypes were identified using marker-assisted selection (MAS). Disease scoring of 470 hybrid grape genotypes revealed that 31 were highly resistant to both powdery mildew and downy mildew. To determine seedlessness, 351 genotypes were screened using the 5U_VviAGL11 SSR marker using MAS, resulting in 136 potential seedless genotypes. Among these possible seedless hybrid grape genotypes, 77 genotypes were determined to be very resistant or resistant to both powdery mildew and downy mildew. The fruit characteristics of these 77 hybrid genotypes will be evaluated over the next few years, and they will also be utilized in future breeding studies to develop new varieties suitable for a sustainable viticulture model
Drying kinetics and energy-exergy analysis of an experimental heat pump dryer utilized horseshoe heat recovery heat pipes for drying different grapes
No full textIn this study, nine different seeded and seedless grape cultivars (Vitis spp) were dried in a closed circuit heat pump-drying (HPD) system. The system's drying performance was determined for each grape cultivar, and exergy analysis was performed. The evaporator efficiency increases when the external condenser is in the "on" position. This revealed that when the system reached the desired drying temperature, the longer the external condenser stayed in the "on" position, the more moisture can be drawn from the product. The heat pump highest coefficient of performance total (COPtotal,hp) and system coefficient of performance total (COPtotal,sys) were found to be 3.714 and 3.035, respectively, in the external condenser "on" position. The highest exergy efficiency values of compressor, condenser, TXV, evaporator and drying cabined were found to be 68 %, 75.41 %, 92.43 %, 77.35 % and 78.28 % respectively, when the external condenser "on" position. The highest exergy efficiencies were determined 75.75 %, 69.81 %, 87.5 %, 86.65 % and 80.46 % respectively, when the external condenser "off" position. The experiments of were evaluated in order to study the drying characteristics in HPD system. The changes in moisture ratio during the drying process were compared by six thin-layer drying models and then assessed in terms of various statistical criteria like root-mean-square-error (RMSE), diminished chi-square (chi 2), and determination constant(R2). Fick's second law of diffusion was used to obtained diffusivity of effective -moisture values, and they were found to range between 4.715 x 10-11 and 1.280 x 10-10 m2/s.Yalova Ataturk Horticultural Central Research InstituteYalova Üni,versitesi -- 2020/AP/000
Effects of Short-Term High Temperature on Gas Exchange in Kiwifruits (Actinidia spp.)
No full textClimate changes occurring today require detailed research of the effects of increasing temperatures on photosynthesis in different species and cultivars. Temperature variability is a crucial determinant of the yield and quality of plants, particularly when high-temperature episodes coincide with their growth and fruit development. The effect of high temperature (HT) on higher plants primarily concerns photosynthetic functions, but the sensitivity of photosynthesis to high temperature is not well-understood in kiwifruits. In this study, we designed a new environmental monitoring system to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the photosynthetic physiology of different kiwifruit species and cultivars. A significant positive correlation was determined between the main photosynthetic indices of kiwifruits, such as transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate. The net photosynthetic rate of commercial kiwifruit cultivars was strongly inhibited when the temperature exceeded 44.5 °C, and the leaves of kiwifruits were irreversibly damaged when the temperature increased to 52 °C. Kiwifruit cultivars with different ploidy levels (diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid) were found to be sensitive to high temperature, whereas tetraploids had higher HT resistance and hexaploids had the highest net photosynthetic rate. Further research showed that the HT tolerance of kiwifruits existed not only between species but also among cultivars. A. eriantha had the highest net photosynthetic rate at more than 44.7 °C, but those of A. deliciosa and A. arguta declined sharply as the temperature exceeded 43.5 °C. As a result, it was determined that high temperatures have important effects on the photosynthetic activities of kiwifruit plants with different ploidy levels, and that these effects can significantly change their development according to how they differ among different species/cultivars
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