229,738 research outputs found
Chinese empire [cartographic material] /
No full textMap of the Chinese empire showing Tibet, Mongolia, China and Japan with relief shown by hachures.; Plates 32 and 33 from: Fenner's pocket atlas of modern & ancient geography. London : Robert Jennings, [1830?]; NUC, pre 1956, v. 169, p. 466.; Tooley, 206.; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm1447
Water Use at Minnesota Rest Areas: Final Report
No full textThe Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) Statewide Rest Area Program consists of a coordinated system of public rest areas that are intended to help motorists travel safer. In 1979, MnDOT collected data at rest areas to refine assumptions and improve techniques for design of rest area water supply and sewage treatment. They found people used an average of 2.8 gallons with water conserving devices and 4.5 gallons with non-water-conserving devices. This study evaluated the accuracy of the 1979 MnDOT design charts and formulas based on plumbing code fixtures and traffic patterns. A total of six rest areas, Culkin Rest Area (R.A.), Frazee R.A., Fuller Lake R.A., Lake Pepin R.A., Central Minnesota Travel Information Center (TIC), and St. Croix TIC, were included in the study. Average water use estimations were calculated from hourly people counts, hourly traffic counts, and hourly water flow data. Site specific average water use per person ranged from 0.7 gallons to 3.8 gallons, with an overall average water use of 2.3 gallons and a 95% confidence level average of 3.5 gallons. When accounting for variation, error and providing a safety factor, a water use per person design value of 5 gallons per person per day is recommended. The results of this two-week study appear to indicate that the 1979 design values are still valid, but additional data is needed for further conclusions. The University of Minnesota recommended MnDOT conduct similar water use studies for longer time periods prior to designing new rest area septic systems.Nelson, Taylor; Heger, Sara. (2016). Water Use at Minnesota Rest Areas: Final Report. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/177643
Prevention of bone loss during 56 days of strict bed rest by side-alternating resistive vibration exercise
No full textBed rest is a recognized model for muscle atrophy and bone loss in space flight and in clinical medicine. We
hypothesized that whole body vibration in combination with resistive exercise (RVE) would be an effective
countermeasure.
Twenty healthy male volunteers underwent horizontal bed rest for 56 days and were randomly assigned
either to a group that performed RVE 11 times per week or to a group that underwent bed rest only (Ctrl).
Bone mineral content (BMC) was assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in the
tibia and the radius and by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the hip and lumbar spine at baseline and at
regular intervals during bed rest and a 12-month follow-up.
RVE appeared to protect muscle size and function, and it also prevented bone loss (p-values between b0.001
and 0.01). Bone losses were largest in the distal tibia epiphysis, where BMC declined from 421.8 mg/mm (SD
51.3) to 406.6 mg/mm (SD 52.7) in Ctrl, but only from 411.1 mg/mm (SD 56.6) to 409.6 mg/mm (SD 66.7)
in RVE. Most of the BMC losses were recovered by 12-month follow-up. Analyses showed that the epiphyseal
cortex, rather than spongiosa, depicted the most pronounced changes during bed rest and recovery.
These results suggest that the combined countermeasure applied in this study is effective to prevent bone
losses from the tibia. This underlines the importance of mechanical usage for the maintenance of the human
skeleton
Anatomical sector analysis of load-bearing tibial bone structure during 90 days bed rest and 1- year recovery
No full textThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the bone response to long bed rest–related immobility and during subsequent recovery differed at anatomically different
sectors of tibial epiphysis and diaphysis. For this study, peripheral quantitative tomographic (pQCT) scans obtained from a previous 90-day Long Term Bed Rest intervention were preprocessed with a new method based on statistical approach and re-analysed sector-wise. The pQCT was performed on 25 young healthy males twice before the bed rest, after the bed rest and after 1-year follow-up. All men underwent a strict bed rest intervention, and in addition, seven of them received pamidronate treatment and nine did flywheel exercises as countermeasures against disuse-related
bone loss. Clearly, 3–9% sector-specific losses in trabecular density were observed at the tibial epiphysis on average. Similarly, cortical density decreased in a sectorspecific
way being the largest at the anterior sector of tibial diaphysis. During recovery, the bed rest–induced bone losses were practically restored and no consistent sector-specific modulation was observed in any subgroup. It is concluded
that the sector-specific analysis of bone cross-sections has potential to reveal skeletal responses to various interventions that cannot be inferred from the average analysis of the whole bone cross-section. This approach is considered also useful for evaluating the bone responses from the biomechanical point of view
Resistive vibration exercise during bed-rest reduces motor control changes in the lumbo-pelvic musculature
No full textTo understand the effects of a resistive vibration exercise (RVE) countermeasure on changes in lumbopelvic
muscle motor control during prolonged bed-rest, 20 male subjects took part in the Berlin Bed-Rest
Study (in 2003âÂÂ2005) and were randomised to a RVE group or an inactive control group. Surface electromyographic
signals recorded from five superficial lumbo-pelvic muscles during a repetitive knee movement
task. The task, which required stabilisation of the lumbo-pelvic region, was performed at multiple
movement speeds and at multiple time points during and after bed-rest. After excluding effects that
could be attributed to increases in subcutaneous fat changes and improvements in movement skill, we
found that the RVE intervention ameliorated the generalised increases in activity ratios between movement
speeds (p 6 0.012), reductions in lumbo-pelvic extensor and flexor co-contraction (p = 0.058) and
increases in root-mean-square electromyographic amplitude (p = 0.001) of the lumbar erector spinae
muscles. Effects of RVE on preventing increases in amplitude-modulation (p = 0.23) of the lumbar erector
spinae muscles were not significant. Few significant changes in activation-timing were seen. The RVE
intervention during bed-rest, with indirect loading of the spine during exercise, was capable of reducing
some, but not all, motor control changes in the lumbo-pelvic musculature during and after bed-rest
Water Use at Minnesota Rest Areas: Task Report
No full textThe Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) State Wide Rest Area Program is composed of a coordinated system of public rest areas and waysides, intended to help motorists travel safer. In 1979, MnDOT collected data at rest areas to refine assumptions and improve techniques for design of rest area water supply and sewage treatment designs. They found on average that with water conserving devices people used 2.8 gallons, while non-water-conserving devices used 4.5 gallons. This study evaluated the accuracy of MnDOT design charts and formulas based on people counts and water flows. A total of twelve rest areas were included in the study. Data was collected from Spring 2015 to Fall 2016. Site specific average water use per person ranged from 0.9 gallons to 4.6 gallons. A difference was found between the two building types, interstate and non-interstate, with interstate visitors averaging 2.2 ± 0.5 gallons and non-interstate visitors averaging 1.8 ± 0.7 gallons. The difference between building types was not easily explainable, however it is theorized fewer visitors at non-interstate sites results in less water needed for cleaning or water treatment. The results of this study indicate that the original design values are still valid. However, due to the wide variation of water use per site, maximum water demands and usage trends should be estimated when designing a new septic system to ensure the most appropriate septic system is installed, resulting in the successful treatment of waste water and the fulfillment of expected system lifespans without additional maintenance costs.Nelson, Taylor; Heger, Sara. (2017). Water Use at Minnesota Rest Areas: Task Report. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/188749
The 2nd Berlin BedRest study: protocol and implementation
No full textLong-term bed-rest is used to simulate the effect of spaceflight on the human body and test different kinds of countermeasures. The 2nd Berlin BedRest Study (BBR2-2) tested the efficacy of whole-body vibration in addition to high-load resisitance exercise in preventing bone loss during bed-rest. Here we present the protocol of the study and discuss its implementation. Twenty-four male subjects underwent
60-days of six-degree head down tilt bed-rest and were randomised to an inactive control group (CTR), a high-load resistive exercise group (RE) or a high-load resistive exercise with whole-body vibration group (RVE). Subsequent to events in the course of the study (e.g. subject withdrawal), 9 subjects participated in the CTR-group, 7 in the RVE-group and 8 (7 beyond bed-rest day-30) in the RE-group.
Fluid intake, urine output and axiallary temperature increased during bed-rest (p<.0001), though similarly in all groups (pâÂÂ¥.17). Body weight changes differed between groups (p<.0001) with decreases in the CTR-group, marginal decreases in the RE-group and the RVEgroup displaying significant decreases in body-weight beyond bed-rest day-51 only. In light of events and experiences of the current study, recommendations on various aspects of bed-rest ethodology are also discussed
Septic System Evaluation at MnDOT Rest Stops, Truck Stations and Weigh Scales
No full textThe University of Minnesota (UM) and the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) performed a unique evaluation of the 52 existing subsurface sewage treatment systems at safety rest areas (SRA) travel information centers, truck stations and weigh scales at MnDOT facilities across Minnesota. This three year partnership brought together the septic expertise of the UM with the MnDOT wastewater unit’s agency and site knowledge. The goal of the assessments was to evaluate risk and provide a risk analysis ranking system. The project began with an extensive record search where many documents were digitized and a database of information created. The next step was development of a draft assessment protocol. This draft protocol was pilot tested on five systems and refined based on those experiences. The full assessment included a preliminary review of the site, a facility assessment, effluent sampling, septic tank inspections, evaluation of advanced treatment units when present and an assessment of the soil treatment system. The information from the assessment was used to develop a risk ranking of all systems. The risk assessment created can be used for planning purposes to prioritize capital upgrades, but only if a sustainable process is created and incorporated into the day to day workload.Heger, Sara; Wheeler, Dan; Gustafson, Dave; Szmorlo, Mike. (2016). Septic System Evaluation at MnDOT Rest Stops, Truck Stations and Weigh Scales. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/177644
Skeletal muscle interstitium and blood pH at rest and during exercise in humans
No full textThe aims of this thesis were to: 1) develop a new method for the determination of interstitial pH at rest and during exercise in vivo, 2) systematically explore the effects of different ingestion regimes of 300 mg.kg-1 sodium citrate on blood and urine pH at rest, and 3) to combine the new interstitial pH technique with the findings of the second investigation in an attempt to provide a greater understanding of H+ movement between the extracellular compartments. The purpose of the first study was to develop a method for the continuous measurement of interstitial pH in vastus lateralis was successfully developed using microdialysis and 2,7-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). To avoid the presence of an artificial alkalosis during exercise, it was necessary to add 25 mM HCO3- to the perfusate. The outlet of the probe was cut less than 10 mm from the skin and connected to a stainless steel tube completing the circuit to a microflow-through cuvette (8 fÝl) within a fluorescence spectrophotometer. This prevented the loss of carbon dioxide from the dialysate and any subsequent pH artefact. Interstitial pH was collected from six subjects before, during and after five minutes of knee-extensor exercise at three intensities 30, 50, and 70 W. Mean,,bSEM interstitial pH at rest was 7.38,,b0.02. Exercise reduced interstitial pH in an almost linear fashion. The nadir value for interstitial pH at 30, 50 and 70 W exercise was 7.27, 7.16 and 7.04, respectively. The lowest pH was obtained 1 min after exercise, irrespective of workload, after which the interstitial pH recovered in a nearly exponential manner. The mean half time of interstitial recovery was 5.2 min. The changes in interstitial pH exceeded the changes in venous blood pH. This study demonstrated that interstitial pH can be measured using microdialysis and that it is continuously decreased during muscle activity. The purpose of the second study was to establish an optimal ingestion regime for the ingestion of 300 mg.kg-1 of sodium citrate and maximise the alkalotic effect while minimising any side effects. Increasing the effectiveness of alkali ingestion may lead to further increases in muscle performance. Ingesting 300 mg.kg-1 sodium citrate at a rate of 300 mg.min-1 was identified as the optimal ingestion regime to maximise alkalosis at rest, which occurred 3.5 h post-ingestion. This was determined by monitoring eight human subjects ingesting 300 mg.kg-1 sodium citrate at five different rates, control (no ingestant), bolus, 300, 600 and 900 mg.kg.min-1 on five days separated by at least 48 hours. Sodium citrate was ingested in capsule form with water ad libitum, with the exception of bolus, which was combined with 400 ml less than 25 percent orange juice and consumed in less than 1 min. Arterialised blood (mean 71.3,,b3.5 mmHg) acid-base and electrolyte status was assessed via the withdrawal of ~5 ml of blood every 30 min across an eight hour duration, placed on ice and analysed within five minutes. No alkalotic difference was found between ingestion rates (mean 7.445,,b0.004, 7.438,,b0.004 and 7.442,,b0.004 for 300, 600 and 900 mg.min-1, respectively). All experimental ingestion regimes were associated with elevations in [HCO3-] (29.6, 29.7, 29.8, 29.9 and 26.3 mmol.l-1 for bolus, 300, 600, 900 and control, respectively). The 300 ingestion regime had the greatest impact on [H+], a 0.66 meq.l-1,,e10-8 change. Bolus ingestion (3.93,,b0.08 mmol.l-1) of sodium citrate had no effect on control (4.06,,b0.08 mmol.l-1) blood [K+], however, 300 mg.min-1 decreased blood [K+] (p less than 0.05). There was no effect of sodium citrate on blood [Cl-], but after 2.5 h blood [Cl-] was lower than pre-ingestion values (p less than0.05). All ingestion rates of sodium citrate increased (p less than 0.05) urine pH above control. This is the first study to investigate the effect of varying ingestion rates on acid-base status at rest in humans. The results suggest that ingesting sodium citrate in small doses in quick succession induce a greater blood alkalosis than the commonly practised bolus protocol. Using the interstitial pH technique described above and the optimal ingestion regime (300 mg.min-1) identified above, the final experiment was designed to assess the influence of sodium citrate ingestion on interstitial pH at both rest and during exercise. Five subjects ingested 300 mg.kg-1 sodium citrate at 300 mg.min-1 again in capsule form with water ad libitum. Prior to ingestion, each subject had a cannula placed into their cephalic vein and one microdialysis probe (CMA-60) inserted into their left thigh, orientated along the fibres of vastus lateralus. This probe was used for the measurement of pH as described above. At the end of this period, an exercise protocol required five subjects to perform light exercise (10 W) for 10 min, before starting an intense exercise period (~90-95% leg VO2peak) to exhaustion followed by a 15 min recovery period. Dialysate and blood samples were collected across all periods. Mean,,bSEM interstitial pH for placebo and alkalosis were 7.38,,b0.12 and 7.24,,b0.16, respectively. Sodium citrate ingestion was not associated with an interstitial alkalosis. An exercise induced acidosis was observed in the interstitium during placebo but not during alkalosis (p less than 0.05). Mean,,bSEM venous pH were 7.362,,b0.003 and 7.398,,b0.003 for placebo and alkalosis, respectively. Sodium citrate ingestion was not associated with a venous alkalosis. Sodium citrate ingestion was associated with an increase in mean,,bSEM venous [HCO3-] (placebo 25.5,,b0.2, alkalosis 28.1,,b0.2). This increase in the blood bicarbonate buffer system was not associated with an increase in time to exhaustion (placebo 352,,b71, alkalosis 415,,b171). This was the first study to investigate the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on interstitial pH. The results of this study demonstrated that an interstitial alkalosis does not ensue after alkali ingestion, however, it was associated with the lack of an exercise induced acidosis suggesting an improved pH regulation during exercise
Coupled Channel Analysis of the Pp-Annihilation Into
No full textThe three pseudoscalar meson final states of pp-annihilation at rest, 0 0 0 , 0 0 j and 0 jj have been studied together with scattering data. These channels have shown to be suitable to extract information on the I = 0 and I = 1 S- and D-waves. In particular the existence of two I G (J PC ) = 0 + (0 ++ ) resonances was reported in a previous analysis using a N/D inspired method. The aim of the analysis presented here is to quantify the compatibility of the data samples with respect to the resonance hypotheses of the applied partial waves. To apply consequently the K-matrix formalism for the production process within the Isobar model for the I = 0 S-wave a 3 \Theta 3 K-matrix had to be used. 1 Coupled channel analysis All three data samples, 0 0 0 , 0 0 j and 0 jj have been studied in the spirit of the Isobar model using the K--matrix formalism [1, 2, 3]. The final state interaction of pp-annihilation at rest into three mesons is considere..
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