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Cellular mechanisms underlying the refinement of retinal projections
No full textLes cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR) projettent dans le corps genouillé latéral dorsal (CGLd) et le colliculus supérieur (CS). Initialement, les projections établissent des connexions imprécises avec les cibles puis elles se raffinent grâce à des mécanismes activité-dépendant. D’abord, j’ai cherché à déterminer la contribution de la libération synaptique dans le raffinement des cartes visuelles en utilisant un modèle où Rim 1 et 2, protéines essentielles à la libération synaptique calcium-dépendante, sont délétées dans les CGRs. J’ai montré que la libération synaptique était nécessaire à la ségrégation œil spécifique dans le CGLd mais pas dans le CS, qu’elle était impliquée dans le raffinement de la topographie de la projection ipsilatérale mais qu’elle n’était pas impliquée dans la rétinotopie des projections controlatérales dans le CS. Ensuite, j’ai cherché à identifier un microdomaine de signalisation AMPc au niveau des cônes de croissance impliqué dans le raffinement des projections rétiniennes. La compartimentation spatiale des signaux AMPc pourrait expliquer qu’ils soient capables de réguler des voies de signalisation distinctes de façon spécifique. J’ai montré que la perturbation des signaux AMPc dans les radeaux lipidiques entraine des défauts de raffinement des projections dans le CS tandis que leur perturbation à la membrane mais en dehors des radeaux lipidiques n’entraine pas de défauts. J’ai aussi montré que la perturbation de la signalisation AMPc dans une petite fraction de CGRs d’un œil suffit à perturber largement la carte œil spécifique, suggérant une coopération entre les projections nécessaire à leur raffinement.Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and to the superior colliculus (SC). Initially, retinal projections establish imprecise connections with the target cells then refine through activity-dependent mechanisms.First, I studied the role of synaptic release in the visual maps refinement, using a mouse model where Rim 1 and 2, which are proteins important for calcium-dependent synaptic release, are deleted in the RGCs. I found that synaptic release is important for eye specific segregation in the dLGN but not in the SC, that it is involved in the refinement of the ipsilateral projection topography but that it is not involved in the contralateral projection retinotopy in the SC.Second, I identified a microdomain of cAMP signaling in growth cones involved in the refinement of retinal projections. The spatial compartmentation of cAMP signals could explain the fact that cAMP signals are able to regulate specifically different signaling pathways. I found that cAMP signals perturbation within the lipid rafts of the RGCs induces defects in the refinement of retinal projections in the SC while their perturbation at the membrane level but outside the lipid rafts does not induce defects.I also showed that cAMP signaling perturbation only in a fraction of RGCs in one eye is sufficient to extensively disturb the eye specific map, suggesting that a cooperation between the projections is necessary for their refinement
Mécanismes cellulaires sous-tendant le raffinement des projections rétiniennes
No full textRetinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and to the superior colliculus (SC). Initially, retinal projections establish imprecise connections with the target cells then refine through activity-dependent mechanisms.First, I studied the role of synaptic release in the visual maps refinement, using a mouse model where Rim 1 and 2, which are proteins important for calcium-dependent synaptic release, are deleted in the RGCs. I found that synaptic release is important for eye specific segregation in the dLGN but not in the SC, that it is involved in the refinement of the ipsilateral projection topography but that it is not involved in the contralateral projection retinotopy in the SC.Second, I identified a microdomain of cAMP signaling in growth cones involved in the refinement of retinal projections. The spatial compartmentation of cAMP signals could explain the fact that cAMP signals are able to regulate specifically different signaling pathways. I found that cAMP signals perturbation within the lipid rafts of the RGCs induces defects in the refinement of retinal projections in the SC while their perturbation at the membrane level but outside the lipid rafts does not induce defects.I also showed that cAMP signaling perturbation only in a fraction of RGCs in one eye is sufficient to extensively disturb the eye specific map, suggesting that a cooperation between the projections is necessary for their refinement.Les cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR) projettent dans le corps genouillé latéral dorsal (CGLd) et le colliculus supérieur (CS). Initialement, les projections établissent des connexions imprécises avec les cibles puis elles se raffinent grâce à des mécanismes activité-dépendant. D’abord, j’ai cherché à déterminer la contribution de la libération synaptique dans le raffinement des cartes visuelles en utilisant un modèle où Rim 1 et 2, protéines essentielles à la libération synaptique calcium-dépendante, sont délétées dans les CGRs. J’ai montré que la libération synaptique était nécessaire à la ségrégation œil spécifique dans le CGLd mais pas dans le CS, qu’elle était impliquée dans le raffinement de la topographie de la projection ipsilatérale mais qu’elle n’était pas impliquée dans la rétinotopie des projections controlatérales dans le CS. Ensuite, j’ai cherché à identifier un microdomaine de signalisation AMPc au niveau des cônes de croissance impliqué dans le raffinement des projections rétiniennes. La compartimentation spatiale des signaux AMPc pourrait expliquer qu’ils soient capables de réguler des voies de signalisation distinctes de façon spécifique. J’ai montré que la perturbation des signaux AMPc dans les radeaux lipidiques entraine des défauts de raffinement des projections dans le CS tandis que leur perturbation à la membrane mais en dehors des radeaux lipidiques n’entraine pas de défauts. J’ai aussi montré que la perturbation de la signalisation AMPc dans une petite fraction de CGRs d’un œil suffit à perturber largement la carte œil spécifique, suggérant une coopération entre les projections nécessaire à leur raffinement
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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