102,811 research outputs found
Episturmian words: a survey
No full textIn this paper, we survey the rich theory of infinite episturmian words which generalize to any finite alphabet, in a rather resembling way, the well-known family of Sturmian words on two letters. After recalling definitions and basic properties, we consider episturmian morphisms that allow for a deeper study of these words. Some properties of factors are described, including factor complexity, palindromes, fractional powers, frequencies, and return words. We also consider lexicographical properties of episturmian words, as well as their connection to the balance property, and related notions such as finite episturmian words, Arnoux-Rauzy sequences, and "episkew words" that generalize the skew words of Morse and Hedlund
A characterization of fine words over a finite alphabet
No full textTo any infinite word t over a finite alphabet A we can associate two infinite words min (t) and max (t) such that any prefix of min (t) (resp. max (t)) is the lexicographically smallest (resp. greatest) amongst the factors of t of the same length. We say that an infinite word t over A is fine if there exists an infinite word s such that, for any lexicographic order, min (t) = a s where a = min (A). In this paper, we characterize fine words; specifically, we prove that an infinite word t is fine if and only if t is either a strict episturmian word or a strict "skew episturmian word". This characterization generalizes a recent result of G. Pirillo, who proved that a fine word over a 2-letter alphabet is either an (aperiodic) Sturmian word, or an ultimately periodic (but not periodic) infinite word, all of whose factors are (finite) Sturmian
Order and quasiperiodicity in episturmian words
No full textWe prove a refinement of a recent characterization of infinite episturmian words via lexicographic orderings (Glen-Justin-Pirillo, 2007). This allows us to easily characterize the strict episturmian words that are "infinite Lyndon words", i.e., those that are lexicographically smaller than all of their proper suffixes. Another simple consequence is that a real number is a so-called "self-episturmian number" if and only if the greedy -expansion of 1 takes the form bS, where and S is a "strict epistandard sequence" on the alphabet {0,1,...,b}. F. Leve and G. Richomme recently characterized the non-quasiperiodic Sturmian words, proving that a Sturmian word is not quasiperiodic if and only if it is an infinite Lyndon word. With the aim of determining all of the non-quasiperiodic episturmian words, we first prove that an episturmian word is not quasiperiodic if it is directed by a "regular wavy word". This shows that there is a much wider class of episturmian words that are not quasiperiodic, besides those that are infinite Lyndon words. These results and others lead to a characterization of the (non)-quasiperiodic episturmian words with respect to their directive words. Moreover, we show that all epistandard words are quasiperiodic and completely describe all of their quasiperiods
On the potential of information theoretic indicators for the detection of image vibrations and for image registration on JET
No full textA Structural Basis for the pH-Dependent Xanthophyll Cycle in Arabidopsis thaliana
No full textPlants adjust their photosynthetic activity to changing light conditions. A central regulation of photosynthesis depends on the xanthophyll cycle, in which the carotenoid violaxanthin is converted into zeaxanthin in strong light, thus activating the dissipation of the excess absorbed energy as heat and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE), the enzyme responsible for zeaxanthin synthesis, is activated by the acidification of the thylakoid lumen when photosynthetic electron transport exceeds the capacity of assimilatory reactions: at neutral pH, VDE is a soluble and inactive enzyme, whereas at acidic pH, it attaches to the thylakoid membrane where it binds its violaxanthin substrate. VDE also uses ascorbate as a cosubstrate with a pH-dependent K(m) that may reflect a preference for ascorbic acid. We determined the structures of the central lipocalin domain of VDE (VDE(cd)) at acidic and neutral pH. At neutral pH, VDE(cd) is monomeric with its active site occluded within a lipocalin barrel. Upon acidification, the barrel opens up and the enzyme appears as a dimer. A channel linking the two active sites of the dimer can harbor the entire carotenoid substrate and thus may permit the parallel deepoxidation of the two violaxanthin beta-ionone rings, making VDE an elegant example of the adaptation of an asymmetric enzyme to its symmetric substrate
Bibliographie Hilarion G. Petzold 1958 – 2009 mit Anhang als Einführung
No full textDieses Archiv enthält die Gesamtbibliographie der Werke des Autors nebst einiger Texte „Über H. G. Petzold“ im Schlussteil der Bibliographie sowie einen Anhang mit einer Einführung in die Architektur des Werkes in seinem wissenslogischen Aufbau als Ausarbeitung seines „Tree of Science Modells“ (2007).This archive contains the complete bibliography of the author and some texts about H. G. Petzold, moreover an epilogue with an introduction to the architecture of the works in its epistemological structure and composition and as an elaborations of Petzold’s „Tree of Science Modell (2007).https://www.fpi-publikation.de/polyloge/01-2009-petzold-h-g-gesamtbibliographie-h-g-petzold-1958-2009-updating-november2009/peerReviewedpublishedVersio
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Quasiperiodic and Lyndon episturmian words
No full textRecently the second two authors characterized quasiperiodic Sturmian words, proving that a Sturmian word is non-quasiperiodic if and only if, it is an infinite Lyndon word. Here we extend this study to episturmian words (a natural generalization of Sturmian words) by describing all the quasiperiods of an episturmian word, which yields a characterization of quasiperiodic episturmian words in terms of their directive words. Even further, we establish a complete characterization of all episturmian words that are Lyndon words. Our main results show that, unlike the Sturmian case, there is a much wider class of episturmian words that are non-quasiperiodic, besides those that are infinite Lyndon words. Our key tools are morphisms and directive words, in particular normalized directive words, which we introduced in an earlier paper. Also of importance is the use of return words to characterize quasiperiodic episturmian words, since such a method could be useful in other contexts
Le politor chez Caton
No full textSi discute della figura del politor e delle sue funzioni così come emerge dall'opera di Caton
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