1,720,972 research outputs found
A cognitive theory of the etiology of fear.
Full text linkIn an effort to address weaknesses in previous theories and to provide a stronger more inclusive theoretical account of the etiology of specific phobias and sub-clinical fears, a new cognitive model is proposed. It is argued that the development and expression of fear is cognitively determined, stemming directly from perceptions of any given stimulus or situation. In particular, perceptions of uncontrollability, unpredictability, dangerousness and disgustingness are proposed to form a vulnerability-related schema, which guides future perceptions and serves to channel emotional, behavioural, cognitive and physiological reactions upon encountering a fear-relevant stimulus or situation. The cognitive schema is based on both previous learning experiences and underlying personality traits which may predispose an individual to more readily perceive any given stimulus as uncontrollable, unpredictable, dangerous and disgusting, and to react with greater arousal given these perceptions. Other cognitive resources such as coping strategies may help to mitigate the fear response by impacting upon the general cognitive evaluation arising out of the fear-provoking encounter.
The new model, termed the Cognitive Vulnerability Model, explains some of the more vexing aspects of specific phobias: (1) why some people do not acquire fears after traumatic experiences; (2) why some people with fears and phobias have never had a traumatic experience with their fear-relevant stimulus; (3) the uneven distribution of fears in the population; and (4) the apparent various modes of acquisition of fear. The model has implications for both understanding the origins of fear and for the treatment of fears and specific phobias.
Ten studies are presented which investigate the Cognitive Vulnerability Model as it relates to fears and phobias. Each study takes the form of either a published scientific paper or a paper submitted for publication. The setting out of the studies forms two parts – the first deals with the model generally and uses primarily animal fears as the feared stimulus, whereas the second part focuses on dental fear as a special case. The first paper presents a literature review of the area and the theoretical development of the model. Subsequent papers explore the relationship between fear of eight different animals and perceptions of the animals as uncontrollable, unpredictable, dangerous and disgusting, experimental manipulations of perceptions of spiders and self-rated fear of an encounter with a spider, the extent to which vulnerability-related perceptions mediate the associations between personality trait-like dispositions and spider fear, and the recall and recognition bias for spider schema relevant words which suggests the active presence of a cognitive schema. The second part of the thesis moves to an examination of dental fear, including both those characteristics of dental fear which make it such an important social and health concern (such as the high population prevalence, the so-called ‘vicious cycle’ of dental fear, and the association of dental fear with numerous other fears) as well as the relationship between cognitive vulnerability perceptions and dental fear.
Although there remain limitations to overcome and more studies are required to further test the model, the studies as a whole paint a consistent picture, providing strong support for the utility of the Cognitive Vulnerability Model in explaining specific fears. The model has important implications both for understanding the genesis of fear and for treating it.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 200
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The Child Dental Health Survey, Tasmania, 1998
No full textAIHW Catalogue No. DEN 79AIHW Dental Statistics and Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, in collaboration with The Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Serviceshttp://www.adelaide.edu.au/arcpoh/publications/reports/statistics
The Child Dental Health Survey, Western Australia, 1998
No full textAIHW Catalogue No. DEN 78AIHW Dental Statistics and Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, in collaboration with Dental Services, Health Department of Western Australi
The Child Dental Health Survey, Australian Capital Territory, 1997
No full textAIHW Catalogue No. DEN 58AIHW Dental Statistics and Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, in collaboration with The Australian Capital Territory School Dental Servic
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