1,720,954 research outputs found
The Influence of Alkaline or Acid Liquids on Cut Marks and on the Structure of Bone: An Experimental Study on Porcine Ribs
No full textAfter attending this presentation, attendees will be aware of the macroscopic and microscopic effects of acid and basic solutions
when used with the purpose of destroying a corpse and thus hindering discovery and identification.
This presentation will impact the forensic science community by highlighting the effects of acid and basic solutions on bone and the
importance in correctly assessing their effectiveness in the destruction of tissues and in the modification of signs of trauma.
Among the different methods that are seldom used with the goal of destroying a corpse and thus preventing discovery or at least
identification, the use of highly acidic or basic solutions is something forensic pathologists sometimes have to deal with, especially in
criminal scenarios. Moreover, determining whether a bone (or even a single fragment) was in contact with an acidic/basic solution
could be a crucial question posed to the anthropologist. Of all taphonomical modifications during decomposition processes, little is
known about the action of high or low pH to human tissues and bones. The main question is, are these solutions able to make a cadaver
completely “disappear” and, when human tissues come in contact with these substances, what kind of changes do they undergo? How
are they recognizable? Only a few studies have focused on this issue and have referred only to macroscopic surveys.
In this study, a total of 60 samples of porcine bone (Sus scrofa) were completely skeletonized manually, without any chemical or
other artificial treatment. Furthermore, on each sample, a cut mark was produced with a scalpel in order to evaluate the modifications
that these signs can undergo in such conditions. Specimens were then divided in groups of ten each and put in six different liquid
solutions with different pH (1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 14) prepared by adding sulfuric and acetic acids and sodium hydroxide to water. A neutral
control solution (pH 7) was also prepared.
Specimens were analyzed every five days over a period of 70 days. The appearance of the outer cortical layer of the bone and the
aspect of the cut marks were investigated first macroscopically and then microscopically with a Wild Heerbrug® M650 stereomicroscope
and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, thin undecalcified sections were prepared and analyzed with a transmitted light
microscope in order to evaluate the changes of the osteonic structures and the appearance of characteristic patterns.
Regarding the macroscopic observation, minimal lytic modifications became evident in all the samples, but only those exposed to a
pH 14 for a long time showed evident alterations of the cortical bone, such as large erosions and cracking. Cut marks showed alterations
in 50% of the cases, especially when exposed to basic solutions, detectable as enlargements, distortions, or detachment of bone flakes.
The most interesting results arose from light microscopy of thin sections: if further significant elements were not gained with
stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy provided the most interesting results. The first enabled the
observation of significant alterations on the surface of the cortical bone, with evident deposits of organic and inorganic matter as the pH
became more acidic and as contact time increased. This layer of matter gives an important contribution to the macroscopic alterations
of cut marks on bone which may, as in the case of pH 1 and 14, no longer be even recognizable.
Moreover, the study showed for the first time that, even without detectable macroscopic alterations, the osteon structure visible in
light microscopy is severely deteriorated by acids and bases, frequently with peculiar patterns, like radial or multidirectional cracking.
The information gained from the present study can be of great help in the detection of an exposure of human tissues to high or low
environmental pH and in understanding the effects that these solutions can exert on human bones. Extreme pH can significantly alter
the structure of human bone and make signs of traumas undetectable, but the contact between solutions and bone can be detected if
thoroughly analyzed, especially through light microscopy
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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