1,354,274 research outputs found
La culture sans ciel
No full textBlog de Christophe Apprill - MédiapartLe monde de la culture est sonné, mais l’effondrement s’est réalisé progressivement. Le travail des artistes a été affublé d’une fonction utilitaire. Nous en sommes logiquement à nous demander « à quoi sert la culture » ? Questionnement délétère, symptôme d’une dérive dont les causes sont multiples. Parmi elles, la difficulté des professionnels de la culture à définir la culture
Pour une géographie du pluralisme thérapeutique dans les grandes villes d'Afrique noire.
No full textFor a Geography of Therapy Pluralism in the Great Cities of Tropical Africa.
Based on the concrete example of Brazzaville and on the first results of a workteam (ORSTOM-CNRS, «Citizens and Religion»), the author questions the very notion of «medical geography» about African towns, and suggests a more global approach considering the cultural heterogeneity of medical care in the African urban environment.A partir de l'exemple concret de Brazzaville, et en s'appuyant sur les premiers résultats d'un travail d'équipe (équipe ORSTOM-CNRS «citadins et religions»), l'auteur remet en question la stricte notion de «géographie médicale» à propos des villes africaines, et suggère une approche plus globale tenant compte de l'hétérogénéité culturelle de l'offre de soins en milieu urbain africain.Dorier-Apprill Elisabeth. Pour une géographie du pluralisme thérapeutique dans les grandes villes d'Afrique noire.. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1995-1. La géographie de la santé en question. pp. 135-141
Variations in marine microbiomes: from habitat to host
No full textSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2022.Microorganisms are the dominant life form on Earth and inextricably tied to the ecology and evolution of all multicellular life, including marine animals. As the importance of microorganisms to our conception of life gains prominence, animals (and other macroorganisms) are increasingly viewed as “holobionts”, an assemblage of the host plus all its symbiotic microbes. This dissertation examines holobiont biology from the perspective of the microbial communities that live in and around marine
hosts. Using both amplicon and metagenomic sequencing, I study the microbiomes of reef-associated seawater and Atlantic killifish to better understand habitat and host effects on microbiome structure. In two Caribbean reef systems, I used examined the
biogeography of reef water microbes. I found that the microbiome of reef seawater varies with reef system and individual reefs but that microbiomes within individual reefs were similar to each other and did not vary with benthic composition. The regionalism of reef seawater microbiomes was further assessed upon incorporation of global scale data from five additional studies, which revealed that microbial communities were more distinct with increasing geographic distance. These results contribute to our understanding of the coral holobiont’s microbial environment and can inform monitoring efforts for reef health. Atlantic killifish populations can be categorized as sensitive or tolerant to industrial pollutants based on history of pollutant exposure. Thus, they are an excellent “natural laboratory” for understanding the combined effect of environment and host on microbiome composition. I examined the gut microbiomes of two populations of wild fish as well as captive fish originating from each of these wild populations. I found that living in and adapting to polluted waters can impact microbiome composition and structure, resulting in a microbiome that appears more disordered. Additionally, captivity resulted in a complete turnover of dominant microbial taxa, indicating the environment plays a large role in shaping killifish gut microbiomes. This dissertation demonstrates that diverse systems, from coral reefs to killifish, can benefit from a better understanding of its associated microorganisms. For holobiont studies, these results highlight the importance of considering the context of microbial communities, from environment to host population.My time in the MIT-WHOI Joint Program was supported by the Civil and Environmental Engineering department at MIT, the Schoettler scholarship fund, the National Science Foundation, and the Academic Programs Office at WHOI. The research presented here was supported by Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, the Dalio Foundation, and NSF awards OCE-1938147 and NSF OCE-1928761 to Amy Apprill; Joint Initiative Funds from the W. Andrew Mellon Foundation to Amy Apprill and Mark Hahn; and Ocean Venture Fund to Lei Ma
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Microbial bioindicators of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease identified in corals and overlying waters using a rapid field-based sequencing approach
No full textAuthor Posting. © The Author(s), 2021. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Society for Applied Microbiology for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Becker, C. C., Brandt, M., Miller, C. A., & Apprill, A. Microbial bioindicators of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease identified in corals and overlying waters using a rapid field-based sequencing approach. Environmental Microbiology, (2021), https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15718.Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) is a devastating disease. Since 2014, it has spread along the entire Florida Reef Tract and into the greater Caribbean. It was first detected in the United States Virgin Islands in January 2019. To more quickly identify microbial bioindicators of disease, we developed a rapid pipeline for microbiome sequencing. Over a span of 10 days we collected, processed and sequenced coral and near-coral seawater microbiomes from diseased and apparently healthy Colpophyllia natans, Montastraea cavernosa, Meandrina meandrites and Orbicella franksi. Analysis of bacterial and archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences revealed 25 bioindicator amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) enriched in diseased corals. These bioindicator ASVs were additionally recovered in near-coral seawater (<5 cm of coral surface), a potential reservoir for pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis of microbial bioindicators with sequences from the Coral Microbiome Database revealed that Vibrio, Arcobacter, Rhizobiaceae and Rhodobacteraceae sequences were related to disease-associated coral bacteria and lineages novel to corals. Additionally, four ASVs (Algicola, Cohaesibacter, Thalassobius and Vibrio) were matches to microbes previously associated with SCTLD that should be targets for future research. Overall, this work suggests that a rapid sequencing framework paired with specialized databases facilitates identification of microbial disease bioindicators.This work was funded by The Tiffany & Co. Foundation, NSF EEID-2109622, OCE-1928753, OCE-1928761 and OCE-1938147, the Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, Dalio Foundation, and other generous donors of the Oceans 5 project. Samples were collected under permit DFW19057U.2022-08-2
Author, publisher and bookseller : a tripartite synergy in Nigerian book industry
No full textThis work is about the roles of Author, Publisher and Bookseller in Book development in
Nigeria. The paper started by delving into the history of Book Publishing in Nigeria after
which it proceeded by defining who an author, a publisher, and a bookseller is and
expatiated on the indispensable roles of these key actors in Nigerian Book Industry and in
the emerging Information Society. Furthermore, the various constraints to book
development were identified while the paper advised on how the Book Industry can be
further promoted in Nigeria. However, the paper concluded and made recommendations
on how the Book sector can help in enhancing scholarship in the country
Incidence of lesions on Fungiidae corals in the eastern Red Sea is related to water temperature and coastal pollution
No full textAuthor Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Environmental Research 98 (2014): 29-38, doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.04.002.As sea surface temperatures rise and the global human population increases, large-scale
field observations of marine organism health and water quality are increasingly
necessary. We investigated the health of corals from the family Fungiidae using visual
observations in relation to water quality and microbial biogeochemistry parameters along
1300 km of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. At large scales, incidence of lesions
caused by unidentified etiology showed consistent signs, increasing significantly from the
northern to southern coast and positively correlated to annual mean seawater
temperatures. Lesion abundance also increased to a maximum of 96% near the populous
city of Jeddah. The presence of lesioned corals in the region surrounding Jeddah was strongly correlated with elevated concentrations of ammonium and changes in microbial
communities that are linked to decreased water quality. This study suggests that both high
seawater temperatures and nutrient pollution may play an indirect role in the formation of
lesions on corals.This research was supported by Award No. USA 00002 to K. Hughen by King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and a WHOI Ocean Life Institute
postdoctoral scholar fellowship to A. Apprill
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