1,721,000 research outputs found
Introduction to Public Protection
No full textThis chapter explores the complexities of ‘public protection’, which is undoubtedly a specialist area of policing. It explores the ‘crisis’ occasioned by the decentralisation of public protection units within police forces, due to government budget cuts to services in England and Wales.
Several chapters focus on harms against marginalised communities, notably honour based abuse, forced marriage and FGM and advise around sensitive policing whilst ensuring ‘race anxiety’ does not occasion under policing. The chapters of domestic abuse, rape and modern slavery, although specific to adults also impact child victims. The varied dimensions of child abuse and child protection are explored, notably child neglect, child sexual abuse, child sexual exploitation and the sudden unexplained deaths of children. The crime of forced marriage along with crimes against older people (cybercrime and doorstep crime) also include vulnerable adult abuse due to extant health conditions and/or disabilities. This chapter outlines the overarching contributions made within this edited collection. The concluding chapter identifies iterative themes across all author contributions. These expose problematic policing as well as elements of good practice. These facets are important to recognise in order to improve victim treatment and ensure public protection offences are thoroughly investigated and prosecuted
Conclusions to Public Protection
No full textThe purpose of this collection has been to provide a theoretical and evidence-based understanding of victimology, as well as grasp the diverse field, legislation, procedures and practices within the remit of public protection
Investigating the ‘Doorstep crimes’ of Distraction Burglary and Rogue Trader
No full textDistraction Burglary and Rogue Trader fraud are crimes involving the systematic and disproportionate repeat victimisation of older people on their ‘doorstep’ and inside their homes. This chapter delineates the distinctions and overlaps between such ‘artifice’ crimes. Under reporting and under recording of these incidents as ‘crimes’ is prevalent in which some officers breach National Crime Recording Standards (NCRS). Narrative scripts include promoting the perception these crimes are “civil disputes”, as well as suggesting perpetrators are bona fide ‘legitimate’ tradespersons. The competency of the victim is also questioned where seemingly ‘confused’ burglary victims “consent” to perpetrators entering their home. Another iterative theme is of no property being stolen, which is often combined with an assertion that no offender(s) entered the property, thereby negating the ‘trespass’. Such scripts are utilised by officers to deconstruct and decriminalise the crime event, thereby justifying a ‘no crime’ decision and no requirement for further investigation.
Although rogue trader is equally traumatic for victims, as well as more financially lucrative for perpetrators, fraud is treated as a lesser crime and deemed a low policing priority; which is a surprise given that fraud constitutes 41% of all recorded crime in England and Wales (House of Commons, 2023)
Policing Honour Based Abuse and Forced Marriage
No full textThis chapter identifies the similarities of HBA/FM with ‘traditional’ forms of domestic abuse, as well as delineating the distinctly cultural ‘specificities’ of these crimes.
‘Victim blaming’ is apparent, whereby perpetrating family members discredit and undermine accounts of child victims and those suffering poor mental health. ‘Accepting’ these explanations leads to inaction and under protection by police and social service practitioners. An area of improvement is to ensure these incidents are appropriately recorded as crimes in line with National Crime Recording Standards (NCRS). Moreover, the role of women in effecting and sanctioning such abuses, particularly mothers, is important to recognise to ensure safeguarding can be effective.
To support practitioners in effective decision making, warning signs indicating the onset of HBA/FM will be explained, such as girls becoming sexually active or children being “too westernised”. The interconnectedness of HBA and FM will be explored, along with the distinction between ‘forced’ and arranged’ marriage. Due to the uneven power relations and higher status enjoyed by men, HBA remains undoubtedly a highly gendered crime affecting women and girls. However, this chapter additionally underlines the impact of crimes on vulnerable and marginalised groups, notably LGBTQ communities, children and vulnerable adults with learning or physical disabilities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
