279 research outputs found
Numerical study of hybrid binary Al 2 O 3 -Cu-H 2 O nanofluid coating boundary layer flow from an exponentially stretching/shrinking perforated substrate with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, heat source, suction and multiple slip effects
Get PDFNumerical study of hybrid binary Al2O3-Cu-H2O nanofluid coating boundary layer flow from an exponentially stretching/shrinking perforated substrate with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, heat source, suction and multiple slip effects. ABSTRACT: Modern coating systems are increasingly deploying nanomaterials which offer improved thermal performance. The optimization of these systems can benefit from more elegant fluid dynamic models of the coating process. Inspired by these advancements, the present investigation introduces a novel mathematical model to analyze the boundary layer transport in Al2O3-Cu-H2O hybrid binary nanofluid coating deposition on an exponentially stretching porous substrate (sheet). Lateral mass flux (suction) at the wall is also considered as is heat source (generation) for hot spot manufacturing effects. To add further sophistication to the thermal conduction model, a non-Fourier approach is adopted which accurately incorporates thermal relaxation effects i. e. the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux (CCHF) model. The Tiwari-Das volume fraction nanoscale formulation is implemented for different combinations of Alumina (Al2O3) and Copper (Cu) metallic nanoparticles in an aqueous base fluid (H2O). Hydrodynamic wall and thermal slip are also included as they feature in coating processes. The fundamental equations governing mass, momentum, and energy conservation, along with the corresponding conditions at the wall (substrate) and free stream, are made dimensionless through suitable scaling similarity transformations. The resulting nonlinear coupled ordinary differential boundary value problem is subsequently addressed using the efficient MATLAB bvp4c routine. Special cases of the non-Fourier model are validated against published results, and the general model is further confirmed through validation using an Adams-Moulton 2-step predictor-corrector algorithm (AMPC)
Numerical and experimental study of flow in a gas turbine chamber.
Get PDFThis thesis examines the cooling performance and the flow on a gas turbine blade. Numerical and experimental methods are described and implemented to assess the influence of film cooling effectiveness. A modem gas turbine blade geometry has been used. The blade is considered as a solid body with the blade cross section from hub to shroud varying with a degree of skewness. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is employed to assess blade film cooling effectiveness via simulation of the effect of varying blowing ratios (BR=1, 1.5 and 2), varying coolant fluid temperature (Tc=153 K and Tc=287.5 K), various angles of injection (35°,45° and 60°), increasing the number of cooling holes (32 and 42) and increasing the cooling holes diameter (D= 0.5 mm and 1mm). A full three-dimensional finite-volume method has been utilized in this study via the FLUENT 6.3 code with a k-epsilon (RNG) turbulence model.Results of the CFD models were carefully validated by studying aerodynamic flow and heat transfer in turbine blade film cooling performance. A two-dimensional channel and NACA 0012 airfoil were selected to investigate turbulence effects. The solution accuracy is assessed by carrying out a sensitivity analysis of mesh type and quality effects with enhancement wall treatment and standard wall function effects also addressed for turbulent boundary layers. In this study, four different turbulence models were utilized (S-A, mu-epsilon, (RNG), and (SST) mu-o). The computations were compared with available Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and experimental data. Good correlation was observed when using the RNG turbulence model in comparison with other turbulence models.Film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer along a flat plate has been analyzed for four different plate materials, namely steel, carbon steel, copper and aluminum, with 30° angle of injection. The cooling holes arrangement was simulated for a hole diameter of D=1 mm and different sections of the blade showing cooling effectiveness and heat transfer characteristic variation with increasing (BR = 0.5, 1). Furthermore a symmetrical single hole at 35° angle of injection was studied both the solid and shell plate cases. Cooling effectiveness numerical results were compared with available experimental data and the effect of material thermal properties for the solid plate on cooling performance evaluated. Numerical modeling has clearly identified that there is no benefit in reducing the number of holes as this decreases film cooling effectiveness. The experimental investigation showed the effect of increasing volumetric flow rate V°=1000, 800 and 600 cm3/min, as a term of the blowing ratio (BR) and angle of injection (35°,45° and 60°) for a modem gas turbine blade specimen using Thermal Paint Technology (TPT) and a Thermal Wind Tunnel (TWT). Both methods confirmed that the blade specimen with angle of injection of 45°, blowing ratio of BR=2 (which corresponds to 1000cm[3]/min), cooling holes diameter D=lmm and 42 holes developed a better film cooling effectiveness compared with the 35° and 60° cases. In addition TPT is a sufficient and relatively easy method for evaluating temperature distributions in experimental studies
Simulation of Magneto-Convection Nanofluid Flow Past a Vertical Semi-Infinite Plate with Hall Current and Ionslip Phenomena
No full textNanofluids are increasingly being adopted as alternatives to conventional base fluids due to their superior thermal conductivity. A key advantage of nanoparticles lies in their ability to significantly enhance the thermal performance of coatings, making them valuable in aerospace, energy, and industrial applications. Motivated by these emerging uses, this study investigates the steady, laminar boundary layer flow of an incompressible, magnetized Buongiorno nanofluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate, incorporating the Hall current and ion slip effects. Driven by the growing demand for smart functional nanomaterials, the governing nonlinear, dimensionless boundary-value problem is formulated and numerically solved using the second-order accurate, implicit Keller-Box method under appropriate physical boundary conditions. The effects of thermophoresis (Nt), buoyancy ratio (Nr), Brownian motion (Nb), magnetic interaction parameter (M), Hall parameter (βe), ion slip parameter (βi), and dimensionless tangential coordinate (ξ) on the primary and secondary velocity components, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, skin friction coefficients (Cfx, Cgx), as well as Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, are examined both graphically and numerically. The numerical results are validated through strong agreement with existing literature. This study presents a novel analysis of steady, incompressible magneto-convection nanofluid flow, accounting for combined heat and mass transfer along a vertical semi-infinite surface under Hall and ion slip effects. The results indicate that an increase in the Hall current parameter (βₑ) leads to a notable enhancement in both primary and secondary velocity components. In contrast, the magnitudes of temperature, and nanoparticle concentration decrease with increasing βₑ. An increase in the ion-slip parameter (βᵢ) is found to enhance the primary velocity component, conversely, the magnitudes of the secondary velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration decrease with increasing βᵢ. An increase in the magnetic parameter (Nm) leads to a noticeable reduction in the primary velocity component. In contrast, the secondary velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration are enhanced as Nm increases. The findings have potential applications in the design of industrial power systems, electronic thermal management, and advanced cooling technologies where efficient heat transfer and precise thermal control are essential
THERMAL ANALYSIS IN UNSTEADY OSCILLATORY DARCY BLOOD FLOW THROUGH STENOSED ARTERY
No full textThis study investigates the effects of heat source and thermal radiation on blood flow in stenosed arteries using Casson fluid. It explores the behavior of unsteady non-Newtonian fluid under oscillatory Darcy flow, focusing on momentum and energy behavior, and conducts a parametric analysis to assess the impact of the Nusselt number and Casson parameter. Higher values of the thermal radiation and Casson-viscous parameters result in enhanced velocity fields. The Brinkman model accurately represents the resistance to flow caused by the porous material, known as Darcy resistance. The inner space of the coronary artery generates cholesterol-rich fatty plaques and blood clots that block the artery, simulating the diseased condition of blood circulation in this study. A set of non-dimensional variables converts the governing equations into dimensionless partial differential equations, yielding an analytical solution relevant to blood circulation in highly porous, stenosed coronary arteries. The current study demonstrates that blood flow may be manipulated by adjusting the intensity of the external magnetic field, while the temperature of the blood can be managed by either increasing or decreasing its thermal conductivity. The graphical representation demonstrates the impact of different physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. The significant results of the current study are that, the fluid velocity diminishes with rising magnetic and Biot numbers but exhibits an increase when considering the Darcy number and Hall parameter. There is an increase in the wall shear stress as the Casson 2 parameter (í µí»½ increases from 0.1 to 0.3. oor í µí»½ = 0.3 , the percentage change along the axial direction (í µí±¥ is more pronounced. This is because the wall shear stress is proportional to the number of Casson parameters
External Determinants of Growth and Growth Projections: SAARC and Pakistan
Get PDFIn the global trading arena, the regional integration perhaps represents the most important legacy of the 20th century. This paper focuses on the scope and promise of economic cooperation between the SAARC region countries. Descriptive statistics is used to provide the evidence for the argument that very high share of trade in the GDP of the region’s economies exposes them to external shocks in a potentially harmful manner, and these countries ought to be paying greater attention to increasing the size of their economies. In order to determine the importance of the external sector in the economies of the region, a simultaneous equations model is formulated and estimated, utilising the pooled data for the period from 1972–2001, by applying the 2SLS technique. The coefficients of two of the three external sector variables included in the model, namely, export earnings and trade balance, turn out to be significant, providing the evidence on the importance of the external sector in the economic growth of the SAARC region countries. Keeping in view that Pakistan needs to adopt sustainable growth strategies, the authors maintain that extended economic cooperation within the SAARC region is the most viable alternative for the country. The argument is substantiated with the help of inferential statistics, providing the evidence that exports to SAARC countries are positively related with the economic growth of Pakistan. The simulation output also shows that increasing and diverting the country’s exports to the SAARC region have positive impact in terms of growth projections. By estimating and simulating another model, it is inferred that in the short run, diverting exports to both the SAARC and ASEAN region countries appears to be a viable strategy to help Pakistan move towards greater integration within the SAARC region, and that the SAARC forums must make meaningful progress in terms of delivering concrete results.Trade, Economic Growth, Pakistan
Computational analysis of magnetized Casson liquid stretching flow adjacent to a porous medium with Joule heating, stratification, multiple slip and chemical reaction aspects
Get PDFThis article aims to investigate the characteristics of thermo-solutal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) non-Newtonian smart coating boundary layer flow of a stretching substrate adjacent to a porous medium, considering the influence of chemical reactions and thermal radiation subject to a transverse static magnetic field. A non-Darcy drag force model is deployed to capture both Darcy bulk drag and inertial Forchheimer (quadratic) drag effects. A diffusion flux model is deployed for radiative heat transfer. The Casson viscoplastic model has been utilized to simulate rheological characteristics. Due to polymeric slip effects, three slip phenomena are included at the wall (hydrodynamic, thermal and concentration) in the formulation. Furthermore, viscous dissipation and Ohmic heating (Joule dissipation) are also included. Robust scaling similarity variables are deployed to transform the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. Subsequently, the emerging dimensionless coupled nonlinear boundary value problem is solved utilizing the Bvp4c method in MATLAB version 2022. This numerical approach allows for a logical parametric examination of all key control parameters on the transport phenomena, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the system behavior. Validation with previous studies is included. Detailed graphical and tabular computations are included for velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number, for the influence of Darcian parameter, Forchheimer inertial parameter, mixed convection, velocity (momentum) slip, magnetic number, Casson parameter, nonlinear thermal convection parameter, nonlinear concentration convection parameter, radiation parameter, thermal stratification parameter, Prandtl number, heat source/sink parameter, Eckert number, thermal slip parameter, Schmidt number, chemical reaction, solutal stratification parameter and solutal slip parameter. Detailed interpretation of the physics associated with these multiple effects is included. Flow deceleration is observed with increment in Darcy parameter, Forchheimer parameter, Hartmann number, Casson parameter and momentum slip whereas flow acceleration is computed with increasing mixed convection parameter. Temperatures are accentuated with elevation in Rosseland radiative parameter, magnetic parameter, thermal stratification parameter, heat source parameter and Eckert (dissipation) number, whereas it is depleted with thermal slip (jump) parameter, heat sink, Prandtl number and mixed convection parameter. An increment in Schmidt number, first order homogenous chemical reaction parameter, solutal stratification parameter and mass slip parameters induce a reduction in concentration magnitudes and species boundary layer thickness. Skin friction is elevated with Darcian parameter. Nusselt number is boosted with mixed convection parameter whereas it is suppressed with radiation parameter, magnetic number, Casson parameter, thermal stratification parameter and thermal slip parameter. Sherwood number is observed to decay with increment in solutal stratification parameter and solutal slip parameter whereas it is enhanced with Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameters. The simulations provide further insight into the transport characteristics of electromagnetic viscoplastic coating material manufacturing
Thermally driven two-phase shear thinning non-Newtonian fluid through the renal tube induced by electric double layer effects with variable wall properties
No full textPeristaltic flow in the ureter is a highly controlled biological process crucial for the efficient movement of urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Accordingly, this article analyses the unsteady pseudoplastic viscous fluid flow that is influenced by the combined effects of electro-osmosis and peristalsis in a tapered wavy channel. Overview of the objectives: The purpose of this article is to conduct an analytical analysis of the movement of dissolved substances along with urinary flow inside ureter, which is considered to be flow with slip conditions imposed on non-uniform compliant channel. Methodology: The governing equation of the Casson fluid model for both the fluid phase and solid phase has been derived by ignoring the effects of inertial forces and making the assumption of long wavelength. Closed-form solutions are obtained for the non-dimensional boundary conditions of the symmetric channel. Key findings: The results suggest that velocity exhibits parabolic behaviour towards the centre, while a combination of behaviours is exhibited around the edges. It can also be observed that the tapering parameter (í µí¼́)µí¼́) has a significant impact on the velocity. Streamline representation demonstrates that the amount of trapped bolus is reduced as the thickness of the electric double layer (EDL) increases, as well as with a stronger external electric field. Simultaneous approach of skin friction drag and heat transfer coefficient impacted by magnetic body force. Significance of the study: The uniqueness of this investigation lies in the concurrent examination of a generalised two-phase model, wall slip, non-Newtonian properties of Casson fluid, electric double layer effects (L), viscous dissipation, Hall effect (m), magnetic body force (M), Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity (í µí± ℎí µí±), Joule heating, and curvature effects in peristaltic urological transport, such comprehensive approach that has not been previously explored. Electroosmosis may promote urine flow or facilitate drug delivery, whereas magnetic therapy may break down kidney stones or guide therapeutic nanoparticles to the stone's location, facilitating stone removal
Pengaruh pemikiran Ulugh Beg (Zij as-Sulthoni) terhadap hisab awal bulan dalam kitab Sullamun Nayyraen
Get PDFZij Ulugh Beg merupakan data Astronomi yang dipakai dalam Kitab-kitab taqribi untuk penentuan awal Bulan Qamariah di Indonesia. Secara khusus Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen yang merupakan Kitab induk sistem taqribi di Indonesia juga mengadopsi data astronomi dari Zij Ulugh Beg. Dalam Muqaddimah Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen secara terang-terangan menyebutkan bahwa mengambil data Astronomi (Zij) Ulugh beg, namun tidak dijelaskan sampai sejauh mana data Ulugh Beg yang di adopsi oleh Kitab Sullam Nayyraen. Dalam hal ini Penulis menggali pengaruh pemikiran Ulugh Beg dalam Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen. Dalam penelitian ini Penulis ingin mengetahui beberapa hal yaitu: 1). Bagaimana Sejarah masuknya pemikiran Ulugh Beg di Indonesia ? Bagaimana Pengaruh Pemikiran Ulugh Beg dalam Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen ? penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Pengumpulan data diambil dengan teknik kepustakaan. Sementara untuk analisis data menggunakan deskriptif dan komparatif.
Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) naskah Ulugh Beg pertama kali dibawa ke Indonesia oleh Syaikh Abdu al-Rahman ibnu Ahmad al-Misri dari Mesir yang kemudian mempunyai murid Habib Utsman dan Ahmad Dahlan al-Samarani. Lalu diteruskan oleh Habib Utsman kepada muridnya yaitu KH. Mochammad Manshur Al-Battawi dengan karyanya Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen. 2) corak Hisab awal Bulan di Indonesia sebelum pemikiran Ulugh Beg masuk masih menggunakan sistem hisab dengan perpaduan antara penanggalan aji saka dan kalender hijriyah, sehingga bersifat aritmatis. Setelah pemikiran Ulugh Beg masuk ke Indonesia sistem hisab awal Bulan di Indonesia berkembang menjadi haqiqi taqribi yang dipelopori oleh Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen. Namun pengaruh pemikiran Ulugh Beg dalam Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen hanya sebatas pada tabel Astronomi dan tidak pada model algoritma penentuan awal Bulannya. Sistem hisab Ulugh Beg dikategorikan sebagai hisab haqiqi bit tahqiq karena dalam mencari waktu ijtima’ dicari selisih bujur ekliptika Bulan dan Matahari sebenarnya kemudian dibagi dengan kecepatan. Selanjutnya model hisab Ulugh Beg menggunakan rumus segitiga bola dalam mencari tinggi hilal. Dalam Zij Ulugh Beg dan Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen terdapat persamaan dan perbedaan. Persamaannya terletak pada tabel penentuan posisi rata-rata Bulan dan Matahari. Sedangkan perbedaannya terletak pada suku koreksi dan nilai ta’dil (koreksi posisi Bulan dan Matahari). Tabel Sullamun Nayyraen menyederhanakan Zij Ulugh Beg dari segi data yang dipakai. Data Ulugh Beg sampai kepada detik sedangkan data Sullamun Nayyraen hanya sampai kepada menit. Elemen-elemen yang digunakan dalam Zij Ulugh Beg dan Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen terdapat penambahan dan pengurangan. Penambahan dalam Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen yakni al-Alamah dan al-hishsah sedangkan pengurangan yakni elemen markaz Bulan, ra’sun dan wasath. Sementara untuk hasil hisab waktu ijtima’ dan tinggi hilal antara Zij Ulugh Beg dan Sullamun Nayyraen, Zij Ulugh Beg menghasilkan waktu ijtima’ dan tinggi hilal yang lebih mendekati dengan hasil perhitungan kontemporer. Selisih untuk waktu ijtima’ berada pada satuan menit yakni〖 0〗^j 〖 2〗^m 〖29〗^d kemudian tinggi hilal yakni〖 0〗^o 〖 24〗^' 〖31,38〗^" pada tahun 1441 Hijriah. sedangkan pada tahun 1442. Perbedaan model hisab ini dipengaruhi oleh sistem hisab yang berkembang pada saat Kitab Sullamun Nayyraen dibuat yang masih bercorak aritmatis.
ABSTRACT:
Zij Ulugh Beg is Astronomical data used in the Books of Taqribi to determine the beginning of the Qamariah in Indonesia. Specifically the Book of Sullamun Nayyraen which is the parent book of the taqribi system in Indonesia also adopts astronomical data from Zij Ulugh Beg. In the Muqaddimah the Book of Sullamun Nayyraen blatantly states that taking the Astronomy (Zij) data of Ulugh beg, but it is not explained to what extent the Ulugh Beg data adopted by the Sullam Nayyraen Book. In this case the author explores the influence of Ulugh Beg thought in the Book of Sullamun Nayyraen. In this study the author wants to know several things, namely: 1). How is the history of Ulugh Beg's thought in Indonesia? How does the influence of Ulugh Beg's thought in the Book of Sullamun Nayyraen? This research is a qualitative research. Data collection is taken by library technique. While for data analysis using descriptive and comparative.
The results in this study indicate that: 1) the Ulugh Beg manuscript was first brought to Indonesia by Shaykh Abdu al-Rahman ibn Ahmad al-Misri from Egypt who then had pupils Habib Uthman and Ahmad Dahlan al-Samarani. Then passed on by Habib Uthman to his student, KH. Mochammad Manshur Al-Battawi with his work The Book of Sullamun Nayyraen. 2) Hisab style of the beginning of the month in Indonesia before Ulugh Beg's thought entered still using the reckoning system with a combination of aji saka calendar and the hijri calendar, so that it is arithmetic. After Ulugh Beg's thoughts entered Indonesia, the early Moon reckoning system in Indonesia developed into haqiqi taqribi, which was pioneered by the Book of Sullamun Nayyraen. However, the influence of Ulugh Beg's thought in the Book of Sullamun Nayyraen is limited to the Astronomy table and not to the algorithm for determining the beginning of the Moon. The Ulugh Beg reckoning system is categorized as reckoning haqiqi bit tahqiq because in finding the time of ijtima 'the difference in ecliptic longitude of the Moon and the Sun is actually then divided by speed. Furthermore, the Ulugh Beg reckoning model uses the spherical triangle formula in finding the height of the new moon. In Zij Ulugh Beg and the Book of Sullamun Nayyraen there are similarities and differences. The equation lies in the average positioning table of the Moon and the Sun. While the difference lies in the correction term and ta'dil value (correction of the position of the Moon and Sun). The Sullamun Nayyraen table simplifies Zij Ulugh Beg in terms of the data used. The Ulugh Beg data reached seconds, while the Sullamun Nayyraen data only reached minutes. The elements used in Zij Ulugh Beg and Sullamun Nayyraen are additions and subtractions. Additions in the Book of Sullamun Nayyraen namely al-Alamah and al-Hishsah while the subtraction of the elements markaz moon, ra’sun and wasath. While for the results of the reckoning of ijtima time 'and hilal height between Zij Ulugh Beg and Sullamun Nayyraen, Zij Ulugh Beg produces ijtima time' and hilal height which are closer to the results of contemporary calculations. Difference for time ijtima 'is in units of minutes that is 〖 0〗^j 〖 2〗^m 〖29〗^d then the hilal height is 〖 0〗^o 〖 24〗^' 〖31,38〗^" "in 1441 Hijriah whereas in 1442. The difference in the reckoning model was influenced by the reckoning system that developed when the Book of Sullamun Nayyraen was made that was still in an arithmetic pattern
CFD Simulation of Eagle-inspired Wingtip Slots on Induced-Drag Reduction and UAV Flight Efficiency
No full textThis research examines the aerodynamic performance of three UAV wing configurations base wing, Model A with cam-bered wing slots, and Model B with symmetrical wing slots at low Reynolds numbers. Using CFD simulations in ANSYS FLUENT, key parameters such as lift coefficient, drag coefficient, induced drag, and lift-to-drag ratio were analysed across angles of attack from 0° to 15° and flight velocities of 8 m/s, 10 m/s, and 12 m/s. Results reveal that wing slots enhance aerodynamic efficiency by 12.5% at low angles of attack. Model A with cambered wing slots excels in pre-stall lift generation, while Model B with symmetrical wing slots achieves lower drag at lower angles. Both configurations significantly reduce induced drag by up to 29% during cruise conditions, highlighting their effectiveness in improving UAV performance
Journal of Dynamics, Energy and Utility Short-Term Thermo-Mechanical Assessment of Clay-Based Barriers for Nuclear Waste Repositories Using Finite Element Analysis
No full textThe long-term disposal of high-level nuclear waste demands engineered barrier systems capable of sustaining thermal and mechanical stability over thousands of years. This research presents a comparative thermo-mechanical finite element assessment of three candidate clay materials Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone, Bentonite, and Opalinus clay used as buffer barriers in deep geological repositories. Numerical simulations were conducted in ANSYS Workbench using a transient thermal-static structural coupling scheme. The simplified repository configuration consisted of a steel canister embedded within a 0.5 m-thick cylindrical clay buffer surrounded by a fixed boundary representing the host rock. Each buffer material was evaluated under identical conditions of internal heat generation and mechanical confinement. Temperature evolution, heat flux, hoop and longitudinal stresses, and total deformation were extracted and validated against analytical formulations derived from Fourier's law of heat conduction and Lamé's thick-walled cylinder theory. The results demonstrated consistent temperature distributions (21-26 °C) across all materials, confirming correct boundary and mesh definitions, while stress and deformation responses varied significantly with stiffness and thermal conductivity. Bentonite exhibited the highest stress range (up to 25.9 MPa longitudinal, 0.18 mm deformation) owing to its low modulus, whereas Opalinus clay maintained the lowest stresses (4.1 MPa longitudinal, 0.47 MPa hoop) and minimal deformation (0.065 mm). COx clay displayed intermediate performance, balancing conductivity and mechanical resilience. These findings emphasize the important influence of coupled thermal and mechanical effects in barrier design. Opalinus clay offers superior thermo-mechanical stability, while Bentonite's swelling potential remains advantageous for sealing functions. The validated modelling framework provides a foundation for future long-term thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) studies and for optimizing buffer composition and thickness in nuclear waste repository design
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