1,721,699 research outputs found
Halftone of Anthony Michael Dignowity
No full textPhotograph shows Anthony Michael Dignowity, San Antonio physician and abolitionist
Anthony Michael Najem, head and shoulders portrait
No full textPurdue Alumni. Anthony Michael Najem, distinguished alumnus from the College of Technolog
OP5 - Anthony, Michael
No full text3 audio cassettesThis resource is available for research. It is the property of the West Indiana and Special Collections Division, The Alma Jordan Library, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus. Copyright: The University of the West Indies.Michael Anthony is a well-known novelist and historian who has published widely and made a name as a literary celebrity of Trinidad and Tobago
Congressional ideology and administrative oversight in the New Deal era
No full textHistorians of the U.S. Congress often draw claims from interpretations of legislators’ rhetoric and the outcomes of key votes. In this article, the author tells a cautionary tale: Such strategies ignore the correspondence between roll-call voting on select issues and broader coalitional structures in Congress. He does so by examining contrary positions about a key issue during the New Deal: On the one hand, some researchers claim that reasoned congressional deliberation on the issue of administrative oversight was separate from the prevailing legislative concerns of the day. Other scholars, on the other hand, assert that the prevailing issue dimensions in Congress included administrative oversight. Using a Bayesian measurement method, Ordinary Least Squares, and probit regression, and a novel selection of roll-call data, the author tested these claims, concluding that broader coalitional structures subsumed issues of administration
Recommended from our members
[AIDS Memorial Quilt Panel for Anthony Michael Damewood]
No full textPhotograph of the AIDS memorial quilt panel for Anthony Michael Damewood. Block number is 3484. Photograph of quilt has been cropped and mounted to a 4" x 6" index card
Vol. 35, No. 1
Get PDFA Fresh Look at Title VII: Sexual Orientation Discrimination as Sex Discrimination, by Anthony Michael Kreis
Recent Developmentshttps://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/iperr/1103/thumbnail.jp
PII Masking 200k
No full text# Purpose and Features
World's largest open source privacy dataset.
The purpose of the dataset is to train models to remove personally identifiable information (PII) from text, especially in the context of AI assistants and LLMs.
The example texts have **54 PII classes** (types of sensitive data), targeting **229 discussion subjects / use cases** split across business, education, psychology and legal fields, and 5 interactions styles (e.g. casual conversation, formal document, emails etc...).
Key facts:
- Size: 13.6m text tokens in ~209k examples with 649k PII tokens (see [summary.json](summary.json))
- 4 languages, more to come!
- English
- French
- German
- Italian
- Synthetic data generated using proprietary algorithms
- No privacy violations!
- Human-in-the-loop validated high quality dataset
# Getting started
Option 1: Python
```terminal
pip install datasets
```
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("ai4privacy/pii-masking-200k", data_files=["*.jsonl"])
```
# Token distribution across PII classes
We have taken steps to balance the token distribution across PII classes covered by the dataset.
This graph shows the distribution of observations across the different PII classes in this release:
There is 1 class that is still overrepresented in the dataset: firstname.
We will further improve the balance with future dataset releases.
This is the token distribution excluding the FIRSTNAME class:
# Compatible Machine Learning Tasks:
- Tokenclassification. Check out a HuggingFace's [guide on token classification](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/tasks/token_classification).
- [ALBERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/albert), [BERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/bert), [BigBird](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/big_bird), [BioGpt](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/biogpt), [BLOOM](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/bloom), [BROS](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/bros), [CamemBERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/camembert), [CANINE](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/canine), [ConvBERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/convbert), [Data2VecText](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/data2vec-text), [DeBERTa](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/deberta), [DeBERTa-v2](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/deberta-v2), [DistilBERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/distilbert), [ELECTRA](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/electra), [ERNIE](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/ernie), [ErnieM](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/ernie_m), [ESM](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/esm), [Falcon](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/falcon), [FlauBERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/flaubert), [FNet](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/fnet), [Funnel Transformer](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/funnel), [GPT-Sw3](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/gpt-sw3), [OpenAI GPT-2](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/gpt2), [GPTBigCode](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/gpt_bigcode), [GPT Neo](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/gpt_neo), [GPT NeoX](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/gpt_neox), [I-BERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/ibert), [LayoutLM](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/layoutlm), [LayoutLMv2](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/layoutlmv2), [LayoutLMv3](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/layoutlmv3), [LiLT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/lilt), [Longformer](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/longformer), [LUKE](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/luke), [MarkupLM](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/markuplm), [MEGA](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/mega), [Megatron-BERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/megatron-bert), [MobileBERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/mobilebert), [MPNet](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/mpnet), [MPT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/mpt), [MRA](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/mra), [Nezha](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/nezha), [Nyströmformer](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/nystromformer), [QDQBert](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/qdqbert), [RemBERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/rembert), [RoBERTa](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/roberta), [RoBERTa-PreLayerNorm](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/roberta-prelayernorm), [RoCBert](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/roc_bert), [RoFormer](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/roformer), [SqueezeBERT](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/squeezebert), [XLM](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/xlm), [XLM-RoBERTa](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/xlm-roberta), [XLM-RoBERTa-XL](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/xlm-roberta-xl), [XLNet](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/xlnet), [X-MOD](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/xmod), [YOSO](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/yoso)
- Text Generation: Mapping the unmasked_text to to the masked_text or privacy_mask attributes. Check out HuggingFace's [guide to fine-tunning](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/v4.15.0/training)
- [T5 Family](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/t5), [Llama2](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/model_doc/llama2)
# Information regarding the rows:
- Each row represents a json object with a natural language text that includes placeholders for PII (and could plausibly be written by a human to an AI assistant).
- Sample row:
- "masked_text" contains a PII free natural text
- "Product officially launching in [COUNTY_1]. Estimate profit of [CURRENCYSYMBOL_1][AMOUNT_1]. Expenses by [ACCOUNTNAME_1].",
- "unmasked_text" shows a natural sentence containing PII
- "Product officially launching in Washington County. Estimate profit of 488293.16. Expenses by Checking Account."
- "privacy_mask" indicates the mapping between the privacy token instances and the string within the natural text.*
- "{'[COUNTY_1]': 'Washington County', '[CURRENCYSYMBOL_1]': '', '[AMOUNT_1]': '488293.16', '[ACCOUNTNAME_1]': 'Checking Account'}"
- "span_labels" is an array of arrays formatted in the following way [start, end, pii token instance].*
- "[[0, 32, 'O'], [32, 49, 'COUNTY_1'], [49, 70, 'O'], [70, 71, 'CURRENCYSYMBOL_1'], [71, 80, 'AMOUNT_1'], [80, 94, 'O'], [94, 110, 'ACCOUNTNAME_1'], [110, 111, 'O']]",
- "bio_labels" follows the common place notation for "beginning", "inside" and "outside" of where each private tokens starts.[original paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9505040)
-["O", "O", "O", "O", "B-COUNTY", "I-COUNTY", "O", "O", "O", "O", "B-CURRENCYSYMBOL", "O", "O", "I-AMOUNT", "I-AMOUNT", "I-AMOUNT", "I-AMOUNT", "O", "O", "O", "B-ACCOUNTNAME", "I-ACCOUNTNAME", "O"],
- "tokenised_text" breaks down the unmasked sentence into tokens using Bert Family tokeniser to help fine-tune large language models.
- ["product", "officially", "launching", "in", "washington", "county", ".", "estimate", "profit", "of", "$", "48", "##8", "##29", "##3", ".", "16", ".", "expenses", "by", "checking", "account", "."]
*note for the nested objects, we store them as string to maximise compability between various software.
# About Us:
At Ai4Privacy, we are commited to building the global seatbelt of the 21st century for Artificial Intelligence to help fight against potential risks of personal information being integrated into data pipelines.
Newsletter & updates: [www.Ai4Privacy.com](www.Ai4Privacy.com)
- Looking for ML engineers, developers, beta-testers, human in the loop validators (all languages)
- Integrations with already existing open source solutions
- Ask us a question on discord: [https://discord.gg/kxSbJrUQZF](https://discord.gg/kxSbJrUQZF)
# Roadmap and Future Development
- Carbon Neutral
- Benchmarking
- Better multilingual and especially localisation
- Extended integrations
- Continuously increase the training set
- Further optimisation to the model to reduce size and increase generalisability
- Next released major update is planned for the 14th of December 2023 (subscribe to newsletter for updates)
# Use Cases and Applications
**Chatbots**: Incorporating a PII masking model into chatbot systems can ensure the privacy and security of user conversations by automatically redacting sensitive information such as names, addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses.
**Customer Support Systems**: When interacting with customers through support tickets or live chats, masking PII can help protect sensitive customer data, enabling support agents to handle inquiries without the risk of exposing personal information.
**Email Filtering**: Email providers can utilize a PII masking model to automatically detect and redact PII from incoming and outgoing emails, reducing the chances of accidental disclosure of sensitive information.
**Data Anonymization**: Organizations dealing with large datasets containing PII, such as medical or financial records, can leverage a PII masking model to anonymize the data before sharing it for research, analysis, or collaboration purposes.
**Social Media Platforms**: Integrating PII masking capabilities into social media platforms can help users protect their personal information from unauthorized access, ensuring a safer online environment.
**Content Moderation**: PII masking can assist content moderation systems in automatically detecting and blurring or redacting sensitive information in user-generated content, preventing the accidental sharing of personal details.
**Online Forms**: Web applications that collect user data through online forms, such as registration forms or surveys, can employ a PII masking model to anonymize or mask the collected information in real-time, enhancing privacy and data protection.
**Collaborative Document Editing**: Collaboration platforms and document editing tools can use a PII masking model to automatically mask or redact sensitive information when multiple users are working on shared documents.
**Research and Data Sharing**: Researchers and institutions can leverage a PII masking model to ensure privacy and confidentiality when sharing datasets for collaboration, analysis, or publication purposes, reducing the risk of data breaches or identity theft.
**Content Generation**: Content generation systems, such as article generators or language models, can benefit from PII masking to automatically mask or generate fictional PII when creating sample texts or examples, safeguarding the privacy of individuals.
(...and whatever else your creative mind can think of)
# Support and Maintenance
AI4Privacy is a project affiliated with [AISuisse SA](https://www.aisuisse.com/).
---
language:
- en
- fr
- de
- it
task_categories:
- conversational
- text-classification
- token-classification
- table-question-answering
- question-answering
- zero-shot-classification
- summarization
- feature-extraction
- text-generation
- text2text-generation
multilinguality:
- multilingual
tags:
- legal
- business
- psychology
- privacy
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
pretty_name: Ai4Privacy PII200k Dataset
source_datasets:
- original
--
Strategy and Accountability: Structural Reform Litigation and Public Management
No full textStructural reform litigation involves legal action against public bureaucracies alleging that an official has violated the legal rights of an agency's client. A pattern of rights infringements raises the specter of systemic dysfunction. If the court finds for the plaintiffs, or if the defendant agency agrees to settle, the remedy reconstitutes agency operations. What are the incentives faced by public managers whose agencies are involved in structural reform litigation? How might public managers retain public accountability while strategically using the institutional arrangements present in such cases? This article examines these questions through a spatial bargaining model and discusses its analytical implications in the context of a comprehensive suit against the child welfare agency in Kansas City, Missouri
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
- …
