1,721,051 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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Policies for an Ecological Civilization
Get PDFChina’s ecological civilization concept claims a new, Chinese model of promoting economic growth while reducing environmental pollution at the same time. This dissertation uses interdisciplinary methods to analyze two of China’s flagship ecological civilization policies, the national carbon market and the Belt and Road Initiative. While the national carbon market exemplifies China’s changing approach to domestic environmental policy, the Belt and Road Initiative is carrying the Chinese model of ecological civilization overseas. The first part of this dissertation focuses on China’s national carbon market. I use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the interactions between a national carbon market and China’s ongoing structural economic transition, thereby yielding macro-scale evidence and policy suggestions for how China can fulfill ecological civilization goals of increasing GDP while reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Next, I investigate the carbon market from a qualitative perspective, assessing how emissions accounting is used as a foundation for policy-making. I also explore the capacity building community that sustains the carbon market, asking broader questions about how Chinese neoliberalism informs the formation of the national carbon market. The second part of this dissertation focuses on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), situating it in the context of leakage, or relocation of production in response to environmental regulation. Through a novel empirical study, I test the assumption that BRI projects may be better or worse for the environment than other sources of finance. I then explore potential mechanisms of Chinese overseas finance exceptionalism, informing ongoing policy and advocacy debates about how to engage with the growing scale of China’s overseas investment
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Uncertainty, Inequality, and Global Climate Policy
No full textDespite decades of research on the science and potential impacts of climate change, considerable disagreement remains over how to balance the upfront costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions with the benefits of avoiding future negative impacts. This disagreement persists, in part, because deep uncertainties in the climate system limit our understanding of how temperature and sea level will evolve over the coming centuries. The global nature and long timescales of climate change provide an additional challenge, as climate policy analysis requires difficult ethical judgments on how to value the well-being of individuals at different income levels and across generations. In this dissertation, I address these issues by using integrated assessment models (IAMs) to analyze how distributional equity concerns and previously neglected climate uncertainties affect climate policy design. In the first part, I calculate the optimal carbon dioxide mitigation policy when society accounts for the trade-off between mitigation costs, climate damages, and the climate and localized health consequences of changes in air pollutant co-emissions. The presence of health “co-benefits” leads to increased mitigation levels that may be consistent with a 2 °C target, but the magnitude of this effect crucially depends on independent air quality policies and the value society assigns to improvements in human health. In the second part, I use a Bayesian calibration framework and an ensemble of IAMs to quantify how parametric climate uncertainties affect the social cost of methane (SC-CH4). Despite accounting for the recent 25% upward revision to methane radiative forcing, the constrained models produce a mean SC-CH4 estimate 23% lower than the value recently used by the U.S. federal government. I also provide the first probabilistic equity-weighted SC-CH4 estimates and find that the U.S. value is more than an order of magnitude higher than sub-Saharan Africa’s. The third part of my dissertation focuses on low-probability, high-impact upper tail estimates of the social cost of carbon (SCC). In this analysis, I first show that the simple climate models from the IAMs used to calculate official U.S. SCC estimates do not pass relatively simple out-of-sample hindcast tests and exhibit impulse response behaviors that are inconsistent with current scientific understanding. I then couple the non-climate components of each IAM to a reduced complexity Earth system model and quantify how different treatments of parametric uncertainties affect 95th percentile SCC estimates. While failing to account for interactions between the uncertain parameters increases the 95th percentile SCC by more than 20%, following the official U.S. SCC climate uncertainty framework nearly doubles it
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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The Economics of Climate Change Under Uncertainty and Engineering the Software for its Research
No full textEvaluation of the potential economic impacts of climate change are crucial for informed policy responses. Several decades of rigorous research devoted to this topic have advanced the field enormously, and still there remain areas of active debate and research seeking to address open questions and shortcomings of existing work. I seek to address critical limitations and lines of inquiry through three primary projects. Through these three projects I tackle aspects of two challenges. First, a lack of usable domain-specific computational tools can slow climate research, discourage collaboration, and pose barriers to transparency. Second, policymakers must design climate policy in the face of substantial, sometimes unresolvable uncertainty along several dimensions. A fourth, concurrent effort, the development of the Mimi computational platform for integrated assessment modeling, is a vital contribution to the computational infrastructure that enables my own research as well as that of the broader research and policymaking communities.Computational modeling and analysis are at the core of the research posed in both Chapters 2 and 3, and calls for new open-source, easy-to-use computational tools to promote research, transparency, and collaboration echo those across modern scientific and interdisciplinary domains. As a core developer of the Mimi platform , I produce high-quality open-source software aimed at supporting collaboration and making it possible for researchers, including myself, to investigate new research questions and more effectively support policy makers. A multitude of academic groups across several universities use the platform, and it also directly supports federal and state-level regulatory analysis. Mimi is the subject of the project described Chapter 1.In Chapter 1 we employ both observation and semi-structured interviews to learn about designing software in climate change economics domain and gather generalizable insights about the design of embedded domain specific languages. Programming tools are increasingly integral to research and analysis in myriad domains, including specialized areas with no formal relation to computer science. Embedded domain-specific languages (eDSLs) have the potential to serve these programmers while placing relatively light implementation burdens on language designers. However, barriers to eDSL use reduce their practical value and adoption. In this project, we aim to deepen our understanding of how programmers use eDSLs and identify user needs to inform future eDSL designs. We performed a contextual inquiry (9 participants) with domain experts using Mimi, an eDSL for climate change economics modeling. A thematic analysis identified five key themes, including: the interaction between the eDSL and the host language has significant and sometimes unexpected impacts on eDSL user experience, and users preferentially engage with domain-specific communities and code templates rather than host language resources. The needs uncovered in our study offer design considerations for future eDSLs and suggest directions for future DSL usability research.The social cost of carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) measures the monetized value of the damages to society caused by an incremental metric tonne of CO2 emissions and is a key metric informing climate policy. Used by governments and other decision-makers in benefit-cost analysis for over a decade, SC-CO2 estimates draw on climate science, economics, demography, and other disciplines. However, a 2017 report by the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) highlighted that current SC-CO2 estimates no longer reflect the latest research. The report provided a series of recommendations for improving the scientific basis, transparency, and uncertainty characterization of SC-CO2 estimates. In Chapter 2 we show that improved probabilistic socioeconomic projections, climate models, damage functions, and discounting methods that collectively reflect theoretically consistent valuation of risk, substantially increase estimates of the SC-CO2. Our preferred mean SC-CO2 estimate is 44-413/t-CO2: 5-95% range, 2020 US dollars) at a near-term risk-free discount rate of 2 percent, a value 3.6-times higher than the US government’s current value of $51/t-CO2. Our estimates incorporate updated scientific understanding throughout all components of SC-CO2 estimation in the new open-source GIVE model, in a manner fully responsive to the near-term NASEM recommendations. Our higher SC-CO2 values, compared to estimates currently used in policy evaluation, substantially increase the estimated benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation and thereby increase the expected net benefits of more stringent climate policies.Evaluating the economic impacts of climate change is crucial to inform climate policy. One typical approach to assessing mitigation policy options uses integrated climate-economy models to analyze tradeoffs between the costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the benefits of avoiding climate damages. However, the economic impacts of climate change are both expansive and deeply uncertain--adding a hurdle to designing tractable climate policy. Analysis using integrated climate-economy models thus often fails to fully represent the downside risk--what if the chosen model(s) are wrong? The deep uncertainty characterizing these models poses challenges for policymakers. In Chapter 3 we address this challenge using a robust decision-making framework to evaluate mitigation policy. We show that a shift from a decision framework that maximizes expected outcomes to one that is averse to regret supports precaution in the face of uncertainty and faster emissions cuts than currently implemented. Uncertainties about socioeconomic trajectories and the magnitude and functional form of climate damages create asymmetric consequences from delayed or weak mitigation policy
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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