395 research outputs found
The reproducibility of subjective appetite scores.
No full textAlthough subjective appetite scores are widely used, studies on the reproducibility of this method are scarce. In the present study nine healthy, normal weight, young men recorded their subjective appetite sensations before and during 5 h after two different test meals A and B. The subjects tested each meal twice and in randomized order. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, 10 cm in length, were used to assess hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption and palatability of the meals. Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were determined concomitantly. The repeatability was investigated for fasting values, A-mean 5 h and mean 5 h values, A-peak/nadir and peak/nadir values. Although the profiles of die postprandial responses were similar, the coefficients of repeatability (CR = 2SD) on the mean differences were large, ranging from 2.86 to 5.24 cm for fasting scores, 1.36 to 1.88 cm for mean scores, 2.98 to 5.42 cm for A-mean scores, and 3.16 to 6.44 cm for peak and A-peak scores. For palatability ratings the CR values varied more, ranging from 2.38 (taste) to 8.70 cm (aftertaste). Part of the difference in satiety ratings could be explained by the differences in palatability ratings. However, the low reproducibility may also be caused by a conditioned satiation or hunger due to the subjects’ prior experience of the meals and therefore not just be a reflection of random noise. It is likely, however, that the variation in appetite ratings is due both to methodological day-to-day variation and to biological day-to-day variation in subjective appetite sensations.</p
Optimisation of the Working Processes of Customer Service Attendants on the Example of Raben Baltic
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö eesmärk oli kaardistada ning optimeerida klienditeenindajate tööprotsesse Raben Baltikumis ning seeläbi soovituste ja ettepanekute tegemine ettevõttele. Tulenevalt uurimisprobleemist, kerkis peamiseks uurimisküsimuseks küsimus, kuidas optimeerida Raben Baltikumis klienditeenindajate tööprotsesse ning millist kasu saab sellest ettevõte. Töö teoreetilises osas leidis autor tööprotsesside kaardistamise ja optimeerimise vahendid ning klienditeeninduse olulisuse logistikas ja Raben Baltikumis. Lisaks uuriti teenuse kvaliteedi mõõtmise vajalikkust ning indikaatoreid. Empiiriline osa koosneb as-is ja to-be protsessidest ning mõõtmiste tulemustest. Autor koostas ka kaks ankeetküsitlust klienditeenindajatele ning müügiosakondadele, teada saamaks kas ja millistes protsessidest klienditeenindajad näevad probleeme ning mitu päringut saabub, kui palju neist läheb töösse ja kui palju on vaja kontrollida manuaalselt tellimusi ühes päevas. Klienditeenindajate protsesse analüüsis autor tekstianalüüsi kaudu, mille põhjal selgus, et eelnevalt kaardistatud protsessid kattusid teiste klienditeenindajate poolt välja toodud protsessidega. Hinnapäringute ning keskmiste tellimuste arvu teadasaamiseks kasutati analüüsimiseks aritmeetilist keskmist. Raben Baltikumi klienditeenindajate seas läbiviidud osalusvaatluste ning protsesside kaardistamiste ja mõõtmiste tulemusena selgus, et protsesside optimeerimisega on võimalik nii Eestis, Lätis kui ka Leedus kokku hoida märkimisväärne hulk aega. Täpsemalt hoiaks Raben Baltikum kokku ca kaheksa täistööajaga töötaja tööaja ühes kuus. Suurim võit tekib Leedu puhul, kuna tegemist on Baltikumis suuruselt esimese filiaaliga. Vastavalt mõõtmiste tulemustele, hoiaks Leedu kokku tööprotsesse autori ettepanekute järgi optimeerides 893 tundi ning 44 minutit, Läti 299 tundi ja 29 minutit ning Eesti 164 tundi ning 6 minutit. Tulemuste saamiseks on arvesse võetud 2018 aasta tellimuste mahtu. Suurim vahe as-is ja to-be protsessil tekkis mahtude kontrollimise ning võlgnikutega tegelemise juures. Autor tegi ettepanekud võtta kasutusele töös välja toodud optimeerimise võimalused, koostada kliendirahulolu küsitlusi ning lisada klienditeenindajatele üks väärtust lisav tööülesanne igapäeva töösse, et saada klientidelt kvaliteetsemat tagasisidet. Autori hinnangu kohaselt täitis käesolev lõputöö oma eesmärki. Töö käigus said kaardistatud Raben Baltikumi klienditeenindajate tööprotsessid ning välja selgitatud mis kasu saab ettevõte kui antud protsesse optimeerida.The objective of this final paper was to map and optimise the working processes of customer service attendants at Raben Baltic, and use it to make recommendations and proposals to the company. Deriving from the research problem, the main research question was how to optimise the working processes of customer service attendants at Raben Baltic and how it would benefit the company. In the theoretical part of the paper, the author determined the means for mapping and optimising the working processes, and the importance of customer service in the field of logistics and at Raben Baltic. The author also studied the necessity of assessing the quality of service and the indicators thereof. The empirical part consists of as-is and to-be processes, and assessment results. The author prepared two questionnaires for customer service attendants and sales departments to find out if customer service attendants see any problems and which processes they consider problematic. The author also studied how many inquiries does the company receive and start to process, and how many orders need to be checked manually per day. The author analysed customer service processes using text analysis, on the basis of which it became evident that mapped processes overlapped with the processes brought out by customer service attendants. The average number of price inquiries and orders was calculated as the arithmetic mean. As a result of participation observations, and the mapping and assessment of processes carried out among the customer service attendants working at Raben Baltic, the author found out that, by optimising processes, it would be possible to spare a significant amount of time in Estonia, Latvia as well as Lithuania. More specifically, Raben Baltic could spare the working time of approximately eight full-time employees per month. The saving would be the greatest in Lithuania, since it is the largest branch in the Baltics. Based on assessment results, the Lithuanian branch would spare 893 hours and 44 minutes, the Latvian branch 299 hours and 29 minutes, and the Estonian branch 164 hours and 6 minutes by optimising working processes according to the author’s proposals. These results are based on the volume of orders in 2018. The biggest differences in terms of as-is and to-be processes were related to the verification of scopes and the treatment of debtors. The author recommended the company to implement the optimisation possibilities described in the paper, to carry out customer satisfaction surveys, and to supplement the everyday work of customer service attendants with one value adding duty in order to receive better feedback from customers. In the opinion of the author, the final paper fulfilled its purpose. In the course of work, the author mapped the working processes of the customer service attendants working at Raben Baltic, and determined how the optimisation of these processes would benefit the compan
Establishing cross-dock on an example of Raben Eesti OÜ
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö eesmärk oli välja selgitada, mida tähendaks ettevõtte Raben Eesti jaoks oma terminali loomine – tuvastada terminaliga kaasnevad riskid ja igakuised kulud. Töö viidi läbi juhtumiuurimuse strateegiat kasutades. Ettevõtte vajaduste kaardistamiseks ning arvandmete arvutamiseks viis autor läbi poolstuktureeritud intervjuu ettevõtte juhataja, operatiivjuhi ja praeguse alltöövõtja juures töötava terminalitöötajaga ning analüüsis ettevõtte 2018. aasta kaubaveo statistikat. Uurimuse teoreetilises osas andis autor ülevaate kaubaterminali, lao ja grupikaupade veo põhiprotsessidest ja eesmärkidest. Kirjeldati terminali, lao ja grupikaupade veo olulisust tänapäeva logistikas, mis aitasid mõista antud protsesside vajalikkust Raben Eesti jaoks. Lõputöö teises peatükis keskenduti ettevõtte tutvustamisele, majandusnäitajate uurimisele ning terminali ja laoga seotud igapäevaprotsesside kirjeldamisele. Kolmandas peatükis tuvastati, kui suure terminalipinnaga peaks ettevõte arvestama antud kaubamahu juures, kui suur on tööjõuvajadus ning millise palgafondiga peaks ettevõte igakuiselt arvestama. Lisaks leiti, missugune oleks tehnikavajadus ning kui suured kulud sellega ettevõttele kaasneksid. Selgitati välja ka laopinna optimaalne suurus ning arvutati kokku terminali ja laoga kaasnevad igakuised kulud. Kolmandas peatükis leitud andmete põhjal järeldas autor, et Raben Eestil on stabiilne ning arvestatav kauba maht rajamaks väiksemat sorti terminali koos kauba ladustamise alaga. Neljandas peatükis tegeles autor analüüsiga. Leitud arvandmete kõrval toodi välja riskid, mis kaanevad oma terminali loomisega, teostati SWOT analüüs nii oma terminali loomise, kui ka teenuse sisseostmise kohta. Analüüsi käigus saadud tulemuste põhjal koostas lõputöö autor ettevõttele Raben Eesti ettepanekud strateegilise otsuse langetamiseks. Kuigi oma terminali loomine ning selle igakuine ülalpidamine on kallim kui teenuse sisseostmine, tuleks ettevõttel vaadata selle fakti kõrval oma terminaliga kaasnevaid positiivseid külgi. Oma terminali suurimaks eeliseks ettevõtte jaoks on arenguvõimalus. Oma terminali kaudu on võimalik pakkuda klientidele laialdasemat ja paindlikkumat 37 teenust kasvatades seeläbi ettevõte käivet. Terminali loomise eeliseks teenuse sisseostmise ees on sõltumatus välisest ettevõttest ning selle tegudest, mis võivad mõjutada Raben Eesti tulemusi ning edaspidist tegutsemist. Otsuse langetamine oma terminali loomise kasuks tooks autori hinnangul ettevõttele kaasa ka Eesti turul oma sektoris positsiooni pranemise.The aim of this thesis was to find out what would it meant for company Raben Estonia to start operating their own cross-dock. The goal was achieved through identifying monthly costs and analyzing the risks that associate with cross-dock operating. The thesis was conducted using a case study strategy. Author conducted a semi-structured interview with the manager of the company, the operational manager and current subcontractors warehouse worker and analyzed company’s freight statistics in 2018 to map the warehouse and cross-dock needs of the company. The author gives overview of cross-dock, warehouse and groupage transport theoretical processes and purposes in the first part of the thesis. Describing the importance of cross-dock, warehouse and groupage transport in modern logistics helps to understand the necessity of the processes for Raben Estonia. The second chapter of the thesis focused on introducing the company, examining it’s economic indicators and describing the daily processes of the cross-dock and the warehouse. In this chapter it was calculated how big should the cross-dock are be, taken into account the cargo volumes of the company. The need for labor and the payroll were also pointed out in the chapter. In addition, it was discovered what would be the need for the technical equipment and what would the cost of it for the company. The optimal size of the warehouse space was also identified and the monthly costs of the cross-dock and warehouse were calculated. On the basis of the data found in the chapter, the author concluded that Raben Estonia has a stable and considerable volume of goods to establish a smaller cross-dock with warehouse area. In the fourth chapter, the author dealt with the analysis. In addition to the figures found, the risks involved in setting up their own terminal were highlighted, and a SWOT analysis was carried out on both establishing own cross-dock and outsourcing of the service. Based on the results of the analysis, the author of the thesis compiled proposals for Raben Estonia to make a strategic decision. Although setting 39 up your own cross-dock and its monthly maintenance is more expensive than outsourcing the service, the company should look at the positive aspects of operating a cross-dock. The biggest advantage for the company is the opportunity for development. Through its own cross-dock, it’s possible to provide customers a wider and more flexible service and thereby increase the company's turnover. The advantage of setting up a cross-dock instead of outsourcing the service is independence from an external company and its actions that can influence the results of Raben Estonia and its future activities. Author’s opinion is that making the decision to create operate own cross-dock would lead the company to increase its position in the Estonian market
Talen van geweld
No full textWhile the Netherlands is still struggling with the question of how serious and widespread the violence was in the Indonesian War of Independence, that history can be found everywhere in Indonesia. Monuments and burial grounds are the silent witnesses of the battle and the stories of the war are still circulating. Remco Raben and Peter Romijn argue in this book that the way the Netherlands has long viewed the war in Indonesia has its origins in the language and the manipulation of information during that war. They investigate the mentality of administration and politics in Indonesia and the Netherlands and trace the path that knowledge about violence has taken, from the villages and fields in Indonesia to the desks of administrators, politicians and journalists in the Netherlands. This book shows how the cover-up of violence in Indonesia worked. It explains why war crimes and other large-scale violence against the Indonesian population were tolerated, how the army was able to dominate the provision of information about the war, how administrative mechanisms and mentalities promoted the concealment, how Dutch politicians looked away, and how Indonesian voices were systematically were ignored
Supplemental material
No full textMeal sugar-protein balance determines postprandial FGF21 response in humansStina Ramne, Lisanne Duizer, Mette S Nielsen, Niklas Rye Jørgensen, Jens S Svenningsen, Niels Grarup, Anders Sjödin, Anne Raben, Matthew P GillumSupplemental Tables S1-S3Supplemental Figures S1-S2</p
Glycemic and insulinemic responses as determinants of appetite in humans
No full textGlycemic and insulinemic responses as determinants of appetite in humans1,2,3
Anne Flint, Bente K M\uf8ller, Anne Raben, Birgitte Sloth, Dorthe Pedersen, Inge Tetens, Jens J Holst and Arne Astrup
1 From the Department of Human Nutrition, The Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark (AF, BKM, AR, BS, DP, IT, and AA), and the Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJ)
Background: The importance of the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses for appetite and energy intake (EI) is controversial.
Objective: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that postprandial appetite sensations and subsequent EI are determined by postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses after the intake of a range of breakfast meals.
Design: The study was a randomized, crossover meal test including 28 healthy young men, each of whom tested 10 of 14 breakfast meals. Each meal contained 50 g carbohydrate with various glycemic index and energy and macronutrient contents. Blood samples were taken, and appetite sensations were measured 3 h after the meals. Subsequently, EI at lunch (EIlunch) was recorded.
Results: The glycemic response was unrelated to appetite sensations, whereas the insulinemic response was positively associated with postprandial fullness (R2 =3D 0.33, P < 0.05). In contrast, the insulinemic response was unrelated to the subsequent EIlunch, whereas the glycemic response was positively associated with EIlunch (R2 =3D 0.33, P < 0.05). Although no significant difference in EIlunch was observed between different breakfast conditions, a low breakfast EI was associated with a high EIlunch (R2 =3D 0.60, P < 0.001).
Conclusions: The current study does not support the contention that the postprandial glycemic response has an important effect on short-term appetite sensations, but a low\u96glycemic index meal may reduce subsequent EI. In contrast, postprandial insulin seems to affect short-term appetite sensations
Overweight in Europe
No full textThe average prevalence of obesity in Europe is now 15-20%, with the rate in most countries increasing. The prevalence of overweight and obesity combined is as high as 50-65%. Also, childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. The epidemic has been accompanied by a simultaneous rise in type 2 diabetes. Action is therefore urgently needed. This was stressed at an EU conference on obesity in September 2002 in Copenhagen. We must change both the environment and our behaviour to increase leisure-time physical activity and decrease the intake of fatrich, energy-dense foods and drinks, for instance, through improved traffic planning, more physical activity in schools, differential taxes on foods and drinks and the banning of commercials for unhealthy foods. Prevention of overweight in children should be given high priority. There is an urgent need for public health programmes, training of health professionals and collaboration with the food industry.</p
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