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"Ihr gehört auch zur Avantgarde". Afrikanische Gewerkschafter an der FDGB-Hochschule Fritz Heckert (1961-1963)
No full textKurz nach dem Beginn des Mauerbaus erreichten im September 1961 Delegationen afrikanischer
und asiatischer Gewerkschaften die Hochschule der Deutschen Gewerkschaften „Fritz Heckert“ in
Bernau, einem Vorort Berlins. In den folgenden anderthalb Jahren lebten, studierten und arbeiteten
ostdeutsche Gewerkschaftskader als Lehrkräfte und circa 112 Studierende aus 19 afrikanischen und
fünf asiatischen Ländern zusammen am Institut für Ausländerstudium, dessen Einrichtung im Jahr
1960 – dem sogenannten Afrikanischem Jahr – nach Planungen des Bundesvorstandes des Freien
Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbunds (FDGB) erfolgte.
Der FDGB verfolgte mit dieser entwicklungspolitischen Maßnahme im Namen der Internationalen
Solidarität ein klar definiertes Ziel: Er wollte im Rahmen des 3. afro-asiatischen Lehrgangs
„klassenbewußte, bescheidene, opferbereite afrikanische Gewerkschaftsfunktionäre“ ausbilden,
welche die „Arbeiterklasse Afrikas als Avantgarde der afrikanischen Völker“ im antikolonialen
Kampf sowie „für die Verbesserung der Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen“ organisiert und
„klassenmäßig“ erzieht.
Die praxeologische und mikrogeschichtliche Untersuchung des 3. afro-asiatischen Lehrgangs an der
FDGB-Hochschule
Fritz
Heckert
generiert
neue
Erkenntnisse
über
die
ostdeutsche
Entwicklungshilfepolitik im Allgemeinen und über das Leben ausländischer Studierender in der
DDR im Konkreten. Dabei werden erstens bisherige Annahmen über die Agenda der DDR in der
Dekolonisierung partiell korrigiert. In der Analyse eines jener „Mikro-Räume globaler
Vergesellschaftung“ (Hubertus Büschel/Daniel Speich) wird aufgezeigt, das die DDR durchaus –
wenn auch auf niedrigem Niveau – versuchte, mit der Gewerkschaftsausbildung Einfluss auf die
politische Entwicklung der Staaten des Trikonts zu nehmen. Die LehrgangsteilnehmerInnen
erfuhren eine weitreichende politische Schulung in der Lehre des Marxismus-Leninismus, und zwar
zu in Teilen besseren Studiums- und Lebensbedingungen als die Majorität der ausländischen
Studierenden in der DDR.
Zweitens lässt sich aufzeigen, dass die afrikanischen Gewerkschaftskader Handlungsmacht
gegenüber ihren LehrerInnen, der Institutsleitung und den FDGB-Offiziellen erlangten. Neben
ihrem Wissen über die fragile außenpolitische Lage der DDR war ein maßgeblicher Grund hierfür
die erfahrene Zuschreibung als Avantgarde oder Kader der (vermeintlich) revolutionären Klasse Afrikas. Mit dem Nutzen oder gar der Übernahme dieser projizierten Rolle gelang es ihnen
mehrfach, die Unterrichts- und Lebensbedingungen an der Bernauer Hochschule in ihrem Sinne zu
verbessern.
Drittens ist dennoch festzustellen, dass die studierenden GewerkschafterInnen trotz der in einigen
sozialen und politischen Aspekten „privileged position“ (Simon Stevens) die sie auch eigensinnig
nutzten, teils mit ähnlichen Problemen zu kämpfen hatten wie ausländische Studierende in der DDR
im Allgemeinen. Das primäre Problem waren hierbei Rassismuserfahrungen, wozu Ausgrenzung im
Alltag – auch an der Hochschule, auch innerhalb der Gruppe der LehrgangsteilnehmerInnen –
ebenso zählte wie gewalttätige Übergriffe oder die Verbreitung des Bildes des „lascivious African
man“ (Sara Pugach). Zwar konnten die GewerkschafterInnen des Globalen Südens teils mit Erfolg
gegen rassistische Vorfälle intervenieren. Wie jedoch die Untersuchung ihrer Protestpraktiken
aufzeigt, verdeutlichten gerade diese konflikthaften Auseinandersetzungen zugleich die Grenzen
ihrer Handlungsmacht. Denn obwohl die LehrgangsteilnehmerInnen viertens in ihrer Position offen
und ohne das andauernde Risiko, repressive Maßnahmen erleiden zu müssen, gegen die
verantwortlichen Funktionäre protestieren konnten, glichen sich in Bezug auf politische
Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten die Handlungsspielräume der afrikanischen LehrgangsteilnehmerInnen
und jene der autochthonen DDR-BewohnerInnen. Auch für die afrikanischen GewerkschafterInnen
waren die Einwirkungsmöglichkeiten jenseits des eigenen sozialen Alltags aufgrund der „alles
vereinheitlichenden
Zentralmacht“
(Thomas
Lindenberger)
Massenorganisationen – wie etwa dem FDGB – äußerst gering.In September 1961, shortly after the begin of the construction of the Berlin Wall, delegations of African and Asian unions arrived at the Hochschule der Deutschen Gewerkschaften “Fritz Heckert” in Bernau, a suburb of Berlin. During the following eight and a half years, East-German Unionists worked as teachers alongside around 112 students from 19 African and five Asian nations. They lived, studied and worked together at the Institute für Ausländerstudium, created by the Freie Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund (FDGB) in 1960, the so-called African Year.
Seen as developmental policy in the name of International Solidarity, the FDGB had a clearly defined goal: As part of the 3. Afro-Asian Class it wanted to train “class-conscious, humble African union officials, willing to make sacrifices”. These would then educate “Africa’s working class as Avantgarde for African peoples”, organise and assist the anti-colonial struggle as well as “the improvement of quality of work and life”.
The praxeological and microhistorical study of the 3. Afro-Asian class at the FDGB College Fritz Heckert provides new insights into the East-German Developmental Policy in general and about foreign students’ life in the GDR specifically. Some established claims about the GDR’s agenda on Decolonisation will be partially corrected. An analysis of one of the “micro-spaces of global socialization” (Hubertus Büschel/Daniel Speich) will show how the GDR did in fact – albeit on a low level – try to influence political developments in African, Asian and Latin American states through union training. Participants of the course received an extensive education in Marxist-Leninist theory, at times their quality of life and study was even better than for the majority of foreign students in the GDR.
Additionally, African union officials were able to acquire agency towards their teachers, the Institute’s leadership, and the FDGB-officials. Apart from their knowledge about the fragile foreign-policy position of the GDR, one major reason for this was the categorisation as Avantgarde or Cadre of Africa’s (supposed) revolutionary class. Using or even taking over these projected roles enabled them to change the quality of life and education at the College in Bernau multiple times.
However, even though these students found themselves in a “privileged position” (Simon Stevens) in some aspects of political and social life, and used this position for their own purposes too, they faced similar problems that foreign students in GDR in general experienced. The primary problem were experiences of racism, both in form of marginalization on a daily basis – also at college or within the class of visiting union officials – as well as violent attacks or the propagation of the image of “the lascivious African man” (Sara Pugach). The unionists of the global south were partly able to successfully intervene against racist incidents, but as an examination of their protest practices shows, it was precisely these confrontational conflicts which laid bare the limits of their agency. Even though participants of the course were able to protest against the Institute’s officials openly and without the threat of repression, the agency of African students at the institute in relation to political questions and issues was similar, if not identical to, that of autochthonous GDR inhabitants. Through the “all-encompassing central power” of the SED and its mass organisations, like the FDGB, the possibilities for African unionists to influence outside of the social daily routine were nominal
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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