1,325 research outputs found
Factibilidad económica de convertir la cadena Pagua en una batería azul
No full textLas hidroeléctricas de bombeo son la tecnología de almacenamiento más madura y mayormente implementada a nivel mundial ya que representan el 99% de la capacidad actual de los 141.000 MW instalados. Su reciente auge se relaciona con la capacidad de almacenar grandes bloques de energía principalmente de los excedentes de sistemas de generación discontinuos como la energía solar o eólica. En Colombia, no se han implementado baterías de ningún tipo a gran escala. En este documento se presenta el análisis de convertir la Cadena Pagua en una hidroeléctrica de bombeo. La Cadena Pagua de 600 MW está conformada por la hidroeléctrica El Paraíso de 276.6 MW y la hidroeléctrica La Guaca de 324.6 MW ambas son a filo de agua y generan en promedio 442 MW por hora con una disponibilidad promedio de 65.65%. Dado el caso de análisis, se consideró un costo de inversión de modificar la Cadena Pagua de USD 917 millonesThe pumped hydroelectric energy storage are the most mature storage technology and are mostly implemented worldwide, since they represent 99% of the current capacity of the 141,000 MW installed. Its recent boom is related to the capacity to store large blocks of energy mainly from the surplus of discontinuous generation systems such as solar or wind energy. In Colombia, no batteries of any kind have been implemented on a large scale. This document presents the analysis of converting the Pagua Chain into a pumped hydroelectric plant. The 600 MW Pagua Chain is made up of the El Paraíso hydroelectric plant of 276.6 MW and the La Guaca hydroelectric plant of 324.6 MW. Both are on the edge of water and generate an average of 442 MW per hour with an average availability of 65.65%. Given the case of analysis, it was considered an investment cost to modify the Pagua ChainIngeniero EléctricoPregrad
Análisis de opciones de inversión en gas natural licuado en Colombia en un marco de integración energética regional
No full textEn este documento se plantean y analizan diferentes escenarios probables en el futuro energético colombiano con el fin de evaluar los requerimientos y viabilidad financiera de un proyecto de importación/exportación de gas natural licuado (GNL). Se considera la información disponible acerca de la situación actual del gas natural en el país, las perspectivas de incorporación de nuevas reservas, los proyectos de integración energética con los países de Centroamérica y los impactos de estos factores en la viabilidad y necesidad de instalaciones de GNL locales. Haciendo uso del modelo MARKAL se estudia la participación del gas natural y del GNL en la canasta energética de largo plazo en Colombia. Haciendo uso de la característica estocástica del modelo se incorpora la incertidumbre en el precio futuro de los combustibles fósiles. Se analiza financieramente un proyecto de GNL en el que se incluyen las flexibilidades operativas propias para un proyecto de este tipo en Colombia utilizando opciones reales. Así mismo, se formula un conjunto de
estrategias preliminares que puedan ser de utilidad para los hacedores de política y para los inversionistas al analizar opciones de suministro e inversión en el sector. En todos los casos, la exportación y posterior importación de GNL aparece como estrategia óptima para minimizar los costos del sistema energético colombiano, independiente de la demanda centroamericana.Magíster en Ingeniería EléctricaMaestrí
Análisis de opciones de inversión en gas natural licuado en Colombia en un marco de integración energética regional
No full textEn este documento se plantean y analizan diferentes escenarios probables en el futuro energético colombiano con el fin de evaluar los requerimientos y viabilidad financiera de un proyecto de importación/exportación de gas natural licuado (GNL). Se considera la información disponible acerca de la situación actual del gas natural en el país, las perspectivas de incorporación de nuevas reservas, los proyectos de integración energética con los países de Centroamérica y los impactos de estos factores en la viabilidad y necesidad de instalaciones de GNL locales. Haciendo uso del modelo MARKAL se estudia la participación del gas natural y del GNL en la canasta energética de largo plazo en Colombia. Haciendo uso de la característica estocástica del modelo se incorpora la incertidumbre en el precio futuro de los combustibles fósiles. Se analiza financieramente un proyecto de GNL en el que se incluyen las flexibilidades operativas propias para un proyecto de este tipo en Colombia utilizando opciones reales. Así mismo, se formula un conjunto de
estrategias preliminares que puedan ser de utilidad para los hacedores de política y para los inversionistas al analizar opciones de suministro e inversión en el sector. En todos los casos, la exportación y posterior importación de GNL aparece como estrategia óptima para minimizar los costos del sistema energético colombiano, independiente de la demanda centroamericana.Magíster en Ingeniería EléctricaMaestrí
La cadena de la carne porcina en la provincia de Córdoba
No full textFil: Perotti, Beatríz Angela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina.Fil: Agüero, Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Economía Agraria; Argentina.Fil: Caramello, Daniel Alcides. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina.Fil: Ponce Crivellaro, Marianela. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Economía Agraria; Argentina.Este trabajo se enmarca en el Proyecto de Cadenas Agroalimentarias y Agroindustriales de INTA orientado a describir la dinámica de la cadena porcina en la provincia de Córdoba. Se llevó a cabo entre dos universidades nacionales y la regional de INTA. Se realizó recopilación de información secundaria, e información primaria a través de entrevistas a una muestra de frigoríficos y fábricas de chacinados. Esta cadena adquiere importancia en virtud del crecimiento de su existencia, la cantidad de predios, una infraestructura de procesamiento importante y el mayor consumo de este producto.Fil: Perotti, Beatríz Angela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina.Fil: Agüero, Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Economía Agraria; Argentina.Fil: Caramello, Daniel Alcides. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina.Fil: Ponce Crivellaro, Marianela. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Economía Agraria; Argentina
Aphonomorphus (Nigraphonus) otavoi Cadena-Castenada, Noriega, n. sp.
No full textAphonomorphus (Nigraphonus) otavoi Cadena-Casteñada, Noriega, n. sp. (Figs. 23–31) Diagnosis. Usual coloration of the subgenus with the exception of legs that are orange. Vein R and R+MA 1 delineated with a white color. Subgenital male plate four times longer than wide and softly emarginated in the apex. Phallic complex: da with the apex moderately expanded and the distal spine curved backwards, first pair of ectoparameres almost as long as the second pair of ectoparameres. Ovipositor 1.5 times longer then the hind femur of the females. Holotype. ♂. Colombia, Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, ~ 70 m. S. Otavo & J. Noriega leg. (MUD). Paratype. ♀. Same data as holotype. Description. Male (holotype). Usual coloration of the subgenus, body predominantly black except legs and palps that are orange and apex of the femurs dark brown, vein R and R+MA 1 delineated with a white color, antennas with the flagellomere dark brown and with some white segments. Tomentose body. Subrounded head. Circular and equidistant ocellus, the lateral ocelli bigger than the central one (fig. 23–25). Metanotal gland as fig. 26. Epiproctus simple, narrowing to a narrow and rounded apex, subgenital plate three times longer than the tenth abdominal tergite, apex softly emarginated. Pallic complex: as the subgenus description but with some differences: distal half of genitalia from above m-shaped, da with a form of a tube, projecting progressively forwards, with the apex slightly expanded and spine projected backwards. First pair of ectoparameres (ec), subtriangular and curving itself moderately inwards, apex oblique truncated and with the ventral margin smoothly wave; second pair of ectoparameres (se), curved inwards, longer then ec and with the apex smoothly sharpened; apodemes of endoparamere thin and without later expansions, rami in dorsal view with the expanded mesal portion (figs. 27–29). Female: Similar to the male in form, coloration, and size. Subgenital plate wider than long and apex softly emarginated. Ovipositor 1.5 times longer then the hind femur, ovipositor apex like in figure 30–31. Measurements (mm) ♂/♀. Total length: 45 / 46; Pronotum: 3.5; Tegmina: 28 / 28.5; Hind femur: 18 / 19; Hind tibia: 19 / 20; Ovipositor: 25. Etymology. Dedicated to Samuel Otavo, a renowned biologist and a friend of the second author, who contributed greatly in the sampling of all the specimens described in this paper and achieved all the hard work in the field.Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J. & Noriega, Jorge Ari, 2015, New Podoscirtine crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae; Podoscirtinae) from National Natural Park Amacayacu, Amazonas, Colombia, pp. 104-116 in Zootaxa 3941 (1) on pages 110-112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3941.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/25373
Diatrypa (Latispeculum) didieri Cadena-Castenada, Noriega, n. sp.
No full textDiatrypa (Latispeculum) didieri Cadena-Casteñada, Noriega, n. sp. (Figs. 32–38) Diagnosis. Small size, light brown coloration with dark brown spots and strips all over the body. Subtriangular ectophallic valves, curving itself moderately inwards in the apex, with denticulations near the base, ramus 0.8 times longer than the apodeme of the endoparamere. Holotype. ♂. Colombia, Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, ~ 70 m. S. Otavo & J. Noriega leg. (MUD). Description. Male (holotype). Coloration light brown with some dark brown spots and stripes with following pattern: frons with strips dark brown as fig. 32, similar strip pattern in the epicraneum and pronotum, antenna without strip or spots, fore and middle legs with dark brown spots disperse all over the legs, hind femur with longitudinal strips, separated by small longitudinal invagination from the base of the femur to the knee, hind tibia with dark brown spots disperse, tegmina transparent brown. Head rather short and clearly flattened dorsoventrally; eyes large, slightly longer than wide, central ocellus rounded and little prominent and lateral ocelli with an oval form and two times wider than the central one; maxillary palpi with subapical segment short and apical segment strongly widening towards apex; pronotal disc with the concave later margin (figs. 33–34); metanotal gland as in fig. 35. Tegmina with slightly wider mirror and shorter apical area, tegminal Sc comb with 11 branches. Epiproctus with apex widely truncate and a pair of lateral convexities dorsally, subgenital plate of middle size, as long as 1.3 times the length of the tenth tergite, apex of the subgenital plate rounded. Phallic complex: epiphallus with apices of lateral lobes of posterior part distinctly thinner and slightly shorter as well as with medial tubercles of these lobes somewhat asymmetrical and latero-proximal edges of epiphallic, epiphallic valves with two denticulus in the inner margin near the base, guiding rob (g) of tubular genitalia, with the truncated apex and without well-known excelling between epiphallic valves (figs. 36–38). Female. Unknown. Measurements (mm). Total length: 15; Pronotum: 2; Tegmina: 11; Hind femur: 6.5; Hind tibia: 7. Etymology. Dedicated to Didier Alfonso Castañeda Moreno, great friend of the first author, who contributed to the photographic registry of this paper in large extent.Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J. & Noriega, Jorge Ari, 2015, New Podoscirtine crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae; Podoscirtinae) from National Natural Park Amacayacu, Amazonas, Colombia, pp. 104-116 in Zootaxa 3941 (1) on pages 112-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3941.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/25373
Paralethus rowelli Cadena-Castaneda & Monzon, new species
No full text<i>Paralethus rowelli</i> Cadena-Castañeda & Monzón, new species <p>(Figs. 1–7, 66–67)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Ten antennal segments. Subgenital plate with three undulations at apical border, medial undulation simple without projection between cerci. Ectophallus U-shaped without basal projections, ectophallic sclerites rounded, lophi laterally flattened, apex blunt or rounded.</p> <p> <b>Holotype. ♂</b> Guatemala, San Marcos, Camino Fraternidad a Bojonal, 1600 m, 22 May 2012. Latitude: 14.9459 Longitude: -91.8806. J. Monzón & F. Camposeco <i>leg</i>. (MUD).</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> 2 ♂, same data as holotype.</p> <p> <b>Description. Male: Coloration</b> mostly dark brown, sternites grayish blue with black and yellow spots. <b>Head</b>. Antennae with ten flattened segments, fastigium slightly pronounced in the middle of the eyes in lateral view, dorsally vertex fastigium conical and crossed by a groove from apex to the base of the vertex, eyes ovoid, frons pronounced smoothly in a groove which harbors the central ocellus in the middle of the antennal base. <b>Thorax:</b> Pronotum rectangular, medial carina elevated. Apterous. Legs characteristic of the genus, posterior femora and anterior and medial tibiae ventrally armed by small spines, posterior tibiae with 17 pairs of dorsal spines. <b>Abdomen</b> progressively curving upwards to the terminal region. Epiproctus triangular, wider than long, cerci curving towards interior margin from mesal portion. Subgenital plate dome shaped and thin, apex with three undulations: two lateral and one medial without projecting. <b>Phallic complex:</b> usual for the genus, flattened and wider. Subepiphagic sack absent, dorsal shield short, contiguous to ectophallus and smoothly bifurcated. Ectophallus well sclerotized, dorsal and ventral ectophallic sclerites present with rounded apex and no spines, rest of ectophallus elongated and U shaped, without basal end modification. Epiphallus with thin disc, almost inconspicuous, lophi projecting on lateral border of the phallic complex, laterally flattened and slightly curving inwards, apex rounded.</p> <p> <b>Female.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Named for Hugh Fraser Rowell, author of the genus and great Acrididologist, who has done important work on the Central American Orthoptera fauna.</p> <p> <b>Measurements (mm). Tl:</b> 11, <b>P:</b> 2, <b>Hf:</b> 7, <b>Ht:</b> 8, <b>Sp:</b> 1.5.</p> <p> <b>Commentary.</b> External morphology very similar to <i>P. insolitus</i> Rowell & Perez-Gelabert, 2006 except for the medial projection in the subgenital plate, which projects upwards between the cerci in <i>P. insolitus</i> but is absent in <i>P. rowelli</i> sp. nov., which is the main external morphological character that distinguishes them.</p>Published as part of <i>Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J. & Monzón-Sierra, José, 2014, Studies in Guatemalan Caelifera: New grasshoppers and monkey grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acridoidea & Eumastacoidea) and an updated checklist, pp. 379-411 in Zootaxa 3857 (3)</i> on page 384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3857.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/250529">http://zenodo.org/record/250529</a>
Restrictive labor practices in seaports
No full textContainerization and modern bulk handling methods can substantially increase ship and labor productivity. This paper argues that many ports have failed to change their labor practices and to accept the inevitable reduction in their labor force that technological advances call for. Those ports are doubly penalized by incurring investment costs and continuing to pay labor as if earlier labor-intensive methods still applied. The author analyzes limits on entry to work in the port, an exclusive definition of dock work, job demarcation to prevent interchanging labor, work-sharing requirements within groups that prevent specialization, work-extending practices, restrictive work hours, and restrictions on output. The paper then analyzes how restrictive practices increase shipping costs and how employment would be affected if these practices were abolished. Examples of three approaches to abolishing restrictive practices are given.Transport and Trade Logistics,Common Carriers Industry,Transport Security,Work&Working Conditions,Ports&Waterways
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