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    Isotope Studies and Chemical Investigations of Tattapani hot Springs in Kotli (Kashmir, NE Pakistan): Implications on Reservoir Origin and Temperature

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    AbstractThe present study is focused on the isotopic signatures and geochemical analyses of the geothermal field of Tattapani area in Kotli District of Kashmir (Pakistan) to understand the origin, subsurface history and reservoir temperature. The study area encompasses of complex overlapping thrust tectonics due to its close affinity to the suture zones of relatively younger ongoing collision between Indian and Eurasian plates (<55Ma). The area is located on the apex of active Balakot-Bagh Fault (Kashmir earthquake, 2005), besides other regional thrust faults in the surroundings including Riasi Thrust, Punjal Thrust, Main Boundary Thrust and the Himalaya Frontal Thrust respectively. Field observations revealed that the water discharge of the springs varies from 4.3 to 11.8 liters per second with the surface temperature from 59.2 to 60.7°C. Samples collected are analyzed for various isotopes (18O, 2H & 3H of water) and water chemistry, which synthesized that the thermal waters are slightly acidic and have low dissolved contents. Sodium and bicarbonate are dominating ions. δ18O and δ2H of all the sampled geothermal manifestations were found to be –6.54 to –6.19‰ and –41 to –37‰ respectively. Source of recharge is meteoric water (rains at higher altitude), whereas thermal waters are of immature nature with a significant component of fresh water mixing and circulation time of about 40 years. On the basis of K–Mg and Na–K–Mg thermometers, the average reservoir temperature is 140°C. In addition, geothermometer based on dissolved silica showed average reservoir temperature about 105°C

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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