183 research outputs found
Optical Diagnostics in Human Diseases
No full textOptical technologies provide unique opportunities for the diagnosis of various pathological disorders. The range of biophotonics applications in clinical practice is considerably wide given that the optical properties of biological tissues are subject to significant changes during disease progression. Due to the small size of studied objects (from μm to mm) and despite some minimum restrictions (low-intensity light is used), these technologies have great diagnostic potential both as an additional tool and in cases of separate use, for example, to assess conditions affecting microcirculatory bed and tissue viability. This Special Issue presents topical articles by researchers engaged in the development of new methods and devices for optical non-invasive diagnostics in various fields of medicine. Several studies in this Special Issue demonstrate new information relevant to surgical procedures, especially in oncology and gynecology. Two articles are dedicated to the topical problem of breast cancer early detection, including during surgery. One of the articles is devoted to urology, namely to the problem of chronic or recurrent episodic urethral pain. Several works describe the studies in otolaryngology and dentistry. One of the studies is devoted to diagnosing liver diseases. A number of articles contribute to the studying of the alterations caused by diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The results of all the presented articles reflect novel innovative research and emerging ideas in optical non-invasive diagnostics aimed at their wider translation into clinical practice
Optical Diagnostics in Human Diseases
No full textLight-based technologies provide unique opportunities for the diagnosis of various pathological disorders of biological tissues [...
Method and installation used for testing of the absorbed dose of radiation during low-level laser therapy
No full textMethod and device used for testing of the absorbed dose of radiation during low level laser therapy
No full textABSTRACT A method of control of the absorbed dose of radiation during low-level laser therapy is proposed. It is based on registration of both the reflected part of energy and part of energy spent on local heating of epidermis. Results of theoretical and experimental studies of heating process at pulse action are presented. As a device controlling the absorbed dose a therapeutic machine is proposed. The intensity of its action can be adjusted depending on optical and thermophysical properties of the biological tissue
Multiparameter optical methods and instruments for the diagnostics of human body microcirculatory-tissue systems
No full textSometimes it’s good, sometimes it’s bad: intergroup contact, personality, and weight bias
No full textBackground: Higher body weight individuals are frequently the targets of negative weight-based attitudes, at times resulting in discrimination. Workplace discrimination harms the well-being of larger individuals by increasing their stress levels and reducing their chances of being hired or promoted. Thus, understanding why people hold these negative attitudes is important. Further, little is known about the role personality characteristics (e.g., essentialist thinking) play in the formation of these attitudes. The aim of this study then was to examine how body weight affects competence-based judgements of female employees, and furthermore, to determine whether an individual’s personality features influence these judgements.
Methods: College students (N = 161) from a northeastern university were recruited to participate in this study, and the study took place entirely online. Participants were mostly female (60.9%), the average age was 20.64 years (SD = 3.29), and the average BMI was 25.40 (SD = 5.06). Our sample was ethnically diverse, with participants identifying as White (45.3%), Black (29.8%), Hispanic (18.0%), Asian (9.3%), and other (3.7%). Participants responded to twelve images of three identically dressed women of varying body sizes. Participants were asked to rate each image on a 6-item global competence measure (Howelett et al., 2015), completed personality and bias measures, and were asked what they believed the study was about.
Results: Most participants (82%) reported believing the study was about weight/physical appearance and how that influenced judgments of work ability or competence. Regardless of their understanding of the purpose of the study, participants still assigned significantly lower competence ratings when the target female was ‘obese’ (M = 4.30, SD = 1.15) than ‘overweight’ (M = 4.81, SD = 0.96) or ‘normal weight’ (M = 4.90, SD = 1.00; F(2, 159) = 26.53, p < .001, η2 = .14). Using Repeated Measures ANCOVAs, we found that Essentialist Entitativity beliefs had a small but not significant effect on competence ratings (F(2, 159) = 2.26, p = .108, η2 = .02), and Need for Cognitive Closure had a small significant effect (F(2,159) = 3.88, p = .022, η2 = .02).
Discussion: These findings are consistent with past research revealing a link between ratings of competence and body size. Specifically, individuals with larger body sizes were deemed to be less competent than individuals with smaller body sizes.This poster was presented at the first annual Celebration of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity while the author was an undergraduate student at Rutgers University-Camden
Efficiency of direct photoinduced generation of singlet oxygen at different wavelengths, power density and exposure time of laser irradiation
No full textThis work investigates the influence of laser irradiation parameters (wavelength, power density and exposure time) on singlet oxygen (1O2) generation efficiency. Chemical trap (L-histidine) and fluorescent probe (Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green, SOSG) detection methods were used. Studies have been conducted for 1267, 1244, 1122 and 1064 nm laser wavelengths. 1267 nm had the highest efficiency of 1O2 generation, but 1064 nm demonstrated almost the same efficiency. We also observed that the 1244 nm wavelength can generate some amount of 1O2. It was demonstrated that laser exposure time can generate 1O2 more efficiently than an increase of power. Additionally, the SOSG fluorescence intensity measurements method for acute brain slices was studied. This allowed us to evaluate the approach's potential for in vivo detection of 1O2 concentrations
Weight bias in the workplace: does personality matter?
No full textHigher body-weight individuals are frequently stigmatized and face prejudice and discrimination.Additionally, experiences of weight stigmatization are associated with several negative consequences. However, less is known about effective means for reducing weight bias. One strategy that has shown success in other areas of prejudice reduction, yet is less tested for weight bias reduction, is intergroup contact. Other research has emphasized the importance of person-based factors (Social Dominance Orientation (SDO); Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA); etc.) in the development of prejudice. Less is known, however, about the role these variables play in the formation of negative attitudes toward higher body weight individuals, or how these variables might influence attitude change in the contact context. Participants (N = 639) were recruited from a northeastern university, and the study was completed online. The sample was a majority female (75.1%) and the average age was 20.80 (sd = 4.81). As expected, SDO and RWA were both significantly positively correlated with weight bias (rs = 0.13-0.45). Additionally, positive contact was significantly negatively correlated with weight bias (rs = -0.32- -0.37) and negative contact was significantly positively correlated with weight bias (rs = 0.36-0.40). Also as expected, positive contact was more frequent (M = 4.73, sd = 1.31) than negative contact (M = 2.33, sd = 1.15). Finally, in a simultaneous regression predicting weight bias (R2 = .21, F (2, 637) = 85.88, p <.001), negative contact (β = 0.33, t(635) = 9.36, p < .001) was found to have a stronger effect than positive contact (β = 0.29, t(635) = -8.20, p < .001). Personality effects were mixed and minimal. This study adds to the literature by examining the effects of positive and negative contact on weight bias. Consistent with previous studies, we found that although positive contact with higher body weight individuals in more common than negative contact, negative contact has a stronger influence on negative weight-based attitudes.This poster was presented at the first annual Celebration of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity while the author was an undergraduate student at Rutgers University-Camden
Sampling volume assessment for wearable multimodal optical diagnostic device
No full textThe process and results of numerical Monte Carlo simulation of optical radiation propagation in laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) channels of a wearable diagnostic multimodal device are described in this paper. To achieve the goal, a multilayer skin model with different parameters of blood and melanin content and different distances between sources and radiation receivers was designed. The changes in the sampling (diagnostic) volume depending on the anatomical features of the biological tissues, as well as on the technical parameters of the device were shown. Depending on the scattering media optical properties and the source-detector configuration of the device, the diagnostic volume can range from 2 to 7 mm 3. The obtained results allow the formation of specialized medical and technical requirements for wearable multimodal devices implementing LDF and FS channels
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