11 research outputs found
Patient And Allograft Survival After Transplantation With A Living Donor Kidney: 14 Years Experience.
No full textBACKGROUND: Late allograft loss remains a key area of concern. This
study was aimed at determining the patient and renal allograft outcome
and identifying the factors responsible for survival following
transplantation with a living-related donor kidney at the Nairobi
Hospital, Kenya.METHODS: Follow-up data for living-related donor graft
recipients between 1988 and 2001 was collected. Outcome measures
studied were patient and graft survival. Graft loss was defined by the
need for permanent renal dialysis, repeat transplantation or death with
a functioning graft. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate
survival. Crude mortality rates per 100 person-years of follow-up were
also calculated. Outcome status was correlated with age, sex,
readmission, creatinine level, duration of follow-up and financial
sustainability. The Fischer's exact test, X2 analysis and t-test were
employed where appropriate. Logistic regression was used to detect
independent risk factors for outcome. P<0.05 was considered
significant. RESULTS: Follow-up data were available for 45 of 53
patients. Six were subsequently lost to follow-up. The 1-year and
5-year patient survival was 77.8 and 63.1% respectively. The overall
mortality was 10.7 per 100 person-years of follow-up. Risk of mortality
was higher in the first year after transplantation (approximately
double). Female gender, elevated serum creatinine levels, readmission
and non-sustainable finances adversely affected patient outcome on
univariate analysis. Overall graft survival was 77.8% at 1 year and
52.7% at 5 years. Most Deaths resulted from chronic allograft rejection
and sepsis.CONCLUSION: Pharmacological manipulations with newer
immunosuppressive agents could reduce allograft loss and impact
positively on patient survival
Patient And Allograft Survival After Transplantation With A Living Donor Kidney: 14 Years Experience.
No full textBACKGROUND: Late allograft loss remains a key area of concern. This
study was aimed at determining the patient and renal allograft outcome
and identifying the factors responsible for survival following
transplantation with a living-related donor kidney at the Nairobi
Hospital, Kenya.METHODS: Follow-up data for living-related donor graft
recipients between 1988 and 2001 was collected. Outcome measures
studied were patient and graft survival. Graft loss was defined by the
need for permanent renal dialysis, repeat transplantation or death with
a functioning graft. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate
survival. Crude mortality rates per 100 person-years of follow-up were
also calculated. Outcome status was correlated with age, sex,
readmission, creatinine level, duration of follow-up and financial
sustainability. The Fischer's exact test, X2 analysis and t-test were
employed where appropriate. Logistic regression was used to detect
independent risk factors for outcome. P<0.05 was considered
significant. RESULTS: Follow-up data were available for 45 of 53
patients. Six were subsequently lost to follow-up. The 1-year and
5-year patient survival was 77.8 and 63.1% respectively. The overall
mortality was 10.7 per 100 person-years of follow-up. Risk of mortality
was higher in the first year after transplantation (approximately
double). Female gender, elevated serum creatinine levels, readmission
and non-sustainable finances adversely affected patient outcome on
univariate analysis. Overall graft survival was 77.8% at 1 year and
52.7% at 5 years. Most Deaths resulted from chronic allograft rejection
and sepsis.CONCLUSION: Pharmacological manipulations with newer
immunosuppressive agents could reduce allograft loss and impact
positively on patient survival
Patient and alograft survival after transplantation with a living donor kidney: 14 years experience
No full textBACKGROUND: Late allograft loss remains a key area of concern. This study Was aimed at determining the patient and renal allograft outcome and identifying the factors responsible for survival following transplantation with a living-related donor kidney at the Nairobi Hospital, Kenya.METHODS: Follow-up data for living-related donor graft recipients between 1988 and 2001 was collected. Outcome measures studied were patient and graft survival. Graft loss was defined by the need for permanent renal dialysis, repeat transplantation or death with a functioning graft. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival. Crude mortality rates per 100 person-years of follow-up were also calculated. Outcome status was correlated with age, sex, readmission, creatinine level, duration of follow-up and financial sustainability. The Fischer's exact test, X2 analysis and t-test were employed where appropriate. Logistic regression was used to detect independent risk factors for outcome. P C 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS: Follow-up data were available for 45 of 53 patients. Six were subsequently lost to follow-up. The 1-year and 5-year patient survival was 77.8 and 63.1 Oh respectively. The overall mortality was 10.7 per 100 person-years of follow-up. Risk of mortality was higher in the first year after transplantation (approximately double). Female gender, elevated serum creatinine levels, readmission and non-sustainable finances adversely affected patient outcome on univariate analysis. Overall graft survival was 77.8 % at 1 year and 52.7 O/O at 5 years. Most Deaths resulted from chronic allograft rejection and sepsis.CONCLUSION: Pharmacological manipulations with newer immunosuppressive agents could reduce allograft loss and impact positively on patient survival
Design of an inhalable aerosol size spectrometer
No full text2015 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Industrial hygienists lack the proper instruments to measure size distributions of inhalable particulate matter (0-100 μm) as defined by ACGIH/ISO/CEN. The Portable Inhalable Particle Spectrometer (PIPS) was designed to size-segregate IPM in calm-air environments – which constitute a majority of workplaces. The PIPS uses an upward air velocity to restrict particle aspiration into the device to diameters above a specified cut-size. A vertical test chamber was also designed to facilitate aerosol dispersion and experimental evaluation of the PIPS. Two PIPS tubes were tested (1.5 cm and 5 cm) at four face velocities (0.6, 1.35, 2.5 and 3.5 cm·s⁻¹) that correspond to cut-sizes of 20, 30, 40 and 50 μm in aerodynamic diameter, respectively. The observed performance of the PIPS deviated from model estimates as face velocity or tube diameter was increased. The fluid regime present inside the chamber, due to the operating PIPS, likely influenced the measured sampling efficiency of the PIPS
Barcoding: Comparison of Variation Degree of COI and Cytochrome b Mitochondrial Markers in Two Species Primary Maize Pests (Sitophilus zeamais and Sitophilus
No full textThe phylogeny, taxonomy and identification of insects were originally based upon shared or derived morphological and anatomy criteria. However, these processes are confronted with the barrier of the existence of sympatric or cryptic species. * Corresponding author
The Brain Drain Myth: Retention of Specialist Surgical Graduates in East, Central and Southern Africa, 1974–2013
No full textSOME PECULIARITIES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA
No full textThe article deals with the specificities of the English language in the Republic of Namibia. Bearing in mind the history of the country, its multilingual population, the author makes a hypothesis that the English language in the Republic of Namibia should have a number of specific features on different levels. The purpose of the study is to identify peculiarities of the English language on the territory of Namibia. Observation and empirical analysis constitute the methodological basis of the research, enabling the author to reveal some specific features of the English language in Namibia on the level of phonetics, lexis and grammar. The identified peculiarities make the speech of Namibians (both oral and written) different from “classical” British English taught at schools and universities. Despite small size and low density, Namibian population is ethnically, linguistically and culturally diverse. Thirteen languages in Namibia have the status of national languages. Of these: three are Indo-European languages, namely German, English and Afrikaans and ten are indigenous African languages which include: Oshiwambo (Ndonga, Kwanyama, Kwambi, Mbalantu and Ngandjera dialects), Kwangali (RuKwangali), Otjiherero (Herero), Gciriku (Diriku), Mbukushu (Thimbukushu), Lozi and Tswana (Setswana) belonging to bantu languages; Khoisan languages particularly Khoekhoegoab (or Nama) and Ju/'hoan; and some others. The article discusses historical, ideological and linguistic prerequisites for such differences. German colonial occupation, South African and apartheid rule had a significant impact on further language policy and linguistic situation in the Republic of Namibia. Although German and Afrikaans considered the languages of oppressors could never contest for the status of an official language of the country, the described historical events have undeniable consequences for the linguistic situation in modern Namibia. Thus, these languages are still actively used in central and southern parts of the country as mother tongues and affect the way their speakers use the official language i.e. English. The same refers to other national languages of Namibia: it seems logical that indigenous languages historically used as a means of communication influence the way Namibians use the English language which has never been spoken in the country before adoption of Constitution and establishment of monolingualism policy in 1990
Maternal and neonatal outcomes after caesarean delivery in the African Surgical Outcomes Study : a 7-day prospective observational cohort study
No full textCITATION: Bishop, D. et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after caesarean delivery in the African Surgical Outcomes Study : a 7-day prospective observational cohort study. The Lancet Global Health, 7(2):e513-e522. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30036-1The original publication is available at https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/issue/vol7no2/PIIS2214-109X(19)X0002-9Background: Maternal and neonatal mortality is high in Africa, but few large, prospective studies have been done to investigate the risk factors associated with these poor maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Methods: A 7-day, international, prospective, observational cohort study was done in patients having caesarean delivery
in 183 hospitals across 22 countries in Africa. The inclusion criteria were all consecutive patients (aged ≥18 years)
admitted to participating centres having elective and non-elective caesarean delivery during the 7-day study cohort
period. To ensure a representative sample, each hospital had to provide data for 90% of the eligible patients during the
recruitment week. The primary outcome was in-hospital maternal mortality and complications, which were assessed
by local investigators. The study was registered on the South African National Health Research Database, number
KZ_2015RP7_22, and on ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03044899.
Findings: Between February, 2016, and May, 2016, 3792 patients were recruited from hospitals across Africa. 3685 were
included in the postoperative complications analysis (107 missing data) and 3684 were included in the maternal mortality
analysis (108 missing data). These hospitals had a combined number of specialist surgeons, obstetricians, and
anaesthetists totalling 0·7 per 100000 population (IQR 0·2–2·0). Maternal mortality was 20 (0·5%) of 3684 patients
(95% CI 0·3–0·8). Complications occurred in 633 (17·4%) of 3636 mothers (16·2–18·6), which were predominantly
severe intraoperative and postoperative bleeding (136 [3·8%] of 3612 mothers). Maternal mortality was independently
associated with a preoperative presentation of placenta praevia, placental abruption, ruptured uterus, antepartum
haemorrhage (odds ratio 4·47 [95% CI 1·46–13·65]), and perioperative severe obstetric haemorrhage (5·87 [1·99–17·34])
or anaesthesia complications (11·47 (1·20–109·20]). Neonatal mortality was 153 (4·4%) of 3506 infants (95% CI 3·7–5·0).
Interpretation: Maternal mortality after caesarean delivery in Africa is 50 times higher than that of high-income
countries and is driven by peripartum haemorrhage and anaesthesia complications. Neonatal mortality is double the
global average. Early identification and appropriate management of mothers at risk of peripartum haemorrhage
might improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in Africa.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(19)30036-1/fulltextPublisher’s versio
Sphex caeruleanus Drury 1773
No full textSphex caeruleanus Drury, 1773 Figs 62 (blue), 63, 67 Sphex caeruleanus Drury, 1773: 74, pl. 39 fig. 4, ♀ (holotype: ♀, Africa, Bite of Benin, destroyed?). Sphex pulchripennis Mocsáry, 1883: 35, ♀ (holotype or syntype: ♀, Ghana, Ashanti Region, no specific locality, TMB, not examined). Synonymized with Sphex caeruleanus by Menke in Bohart & Menke 1976: 114. Differential diagnosis This species is characterized by its large size, predominantly greenish wing iridescence and uniformly black erect mesosomal setae (Fig. 63). All other members of the group have a body length of less than 26 mm, and most of the time their wing iridescence is mainly violet or cyan-violet. Furthermore, female specimens are identifiable through their largely black clypeus, which is often ferruginous medially near the free margin and covered with appressed silvery setae (Fig. 67). Sphex victoria sp. nov. (Fig. 35) and S. mweruensis (Fig. 68), both of which sport silvery appressed clypeal setae in the female sex, have the clypeus almost or entirely ferruginous. Males of S. caeruleanus differ from other group members in having the width of the process at the free clypeal margin 0.15–0.2× the distance between the inner orbits at the clypeal center and concavely emarginate apically. Sphex mweruensis is similar in the shape of its free clypeal margin and process, and can have the wings with a notable greenish iridescence as well, but is distinguishable through its silvery erect propodeal setae and because the width of the clypeal process is only around 0.1× the distance between the inner orbits. Material examined AFRICA • 1 ♀; DEI • 1 ♀; IRSN • 1 ♀; ZMB. CAMEROON • 1 ♀; 6 Aug. 1923; AMNH • 5 ♀♀; L. Conradt leg.; DEI • 1 ♀; P. Preuss leg.; ZMB • 4 ♀♀; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NRS • 1 ♀; “ Esudan-Mamfe ”; Guillemain leg.; ZMB. – East Region • 2 ♀♀; Batouri District; 3.45° N, 13.45° E; 1 May–6 Jun. 1935; F.G. Merfield leg.; BMNH • 3 ♀♀; DʹJa Posten; 3.15° N, 13.30° E; 15 May–1 Jul. 1936; F.G. Merfield leg.; BMNH. – Littoral Region • 3 ♀♀; Nlobe-Ndonga between Edéa and Douala; [3°50ʹ41.3ʺ N, 10°00ʹ07.8ʺ E]; Schäfer leg.; ZMB. – South Region • 1 ♀; Ekok, 24 mi. E of Tekmo; [3°12ʹ19ʺ N, 12°25ʹ25ʺ E]; 11–12 Oct. 1966; E.S. Ross and K. Lorenzen leg.; CAS • 1 ♀; Longji; [3°04ʹ40.7ʺ N, 9°58ʹ29.1ʺ E]; H. Paschen leg.; ZMB. – Southwest Region • 1 ♂; “ Johann-Albrechts-Höhe” [Government Station Johann Albrecht Mountain]; Mar. 1896; L. Conradt leg.; ZMB • 2 ♀♀; Bibundi; [4°13ʹ09ʺ N, 8°59ʹ15ʺ E]; 1–15 Feb. 1905; G. Tessmann leg.; ZMB • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but 15–30 Apr. 1905; ZMB • 1 ♀; Mukonye Farm; [4°34ʹ39ʺ N, 9°30ʹ24ʺ E]; R. Rohde leg.; IRSN • 7 ♀♀; Victoria [now Limbe]; [4°01ʹ N, 9°13ʹ E]; P. Preuss leg.; ZMB. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 ♀; Goosens leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; “ Kasai ”; L. Achten leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; MRAC • 1 ♀; “ Ubangi: Tongu ”; 4 Feb. 1932; H.J. Brédo leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Bokote “Bolete Wa Bondele”; 24 Jan. 1926; R.P.G. Hulstaert leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Eala-Bokatora-Bikolo; Sep.–Oct. 1930; P. Staner leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Kasai, Lotima; 28 Jan. 1906; Waelbroeck leg.; MRAC. – Haut-Katanga • 1 ♀; Elisabethville [now Lubumbashi]; [11°40ʹ S, 27°29ʹ E]; 18 Mar. 1923; RMNH. – Haut-Uele • 1 ♀; Medje; 2°25ʹ N, 27°15ʹ E; 1–12 Jul. 1910; Lang and Chapin leg.; AMNH. – Kinshasa • 1 ♀; Leopoldville [now Kinshasa]; [4°19ʹ39ʺ S, 15°18ʹ48ʺ E]; L. Achten leg.; MRAC. – Kongo Central • 1 ♀; Ganda-Sundi, Mayumbe; [4°52ʹ S, 12°52ʹ E]; 1915; R. Mayné leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Kinkewa (Inkisi); [5°05ʹ14ʺ S, 14°55ʹ35ʺ E]; Mar. 1946; V. Drachoussoff leg.; MRAC • 1♀; Mangembo; [4°35ʹ04ʺ S, 14°16ʹ20ʺ E];1932; Zwolakowski leg.; MRAC • 10 ♀♀; Mayumbe;[4°30ʹ S, 12°30ʹ E]; 1917; R. Mayné leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Sanda near Kisantu; [5°07ʹ32.51ʺ S, 15°04ʹ22.47ʺ E]; IRSN • 1 ♀; Temvo; [5°29ʹ44ʺ S, 13°00ʹ23ʺ E]; 1935; Van Alstein leg.; MRAC • 2 ♀♀; Zobe; [5°21ʹ S, 13°01ʹ E]; Jan. 1916; R. Mayné leg.; MRAC. – Maniema • 1 ♀; Lokandu, Ile Biawa; [2°31ʹ S, 25°47ʹ E]; Jul. 1939; Vissers leg.; MRAC. – Mongala Province • 1 ♀; Likelé; [2°13ʹ38ʺ N, 21°01ʹ58ʺ E]; 12 Jun. 1936; J. Ghesquière leg.; MRAC • 2 ♀♀; Yambata; [2°25ʹ44ʺ N, 21°57ʹ46ʺ E]; Feb.–Mar. 1914; De Giorgi leg.; MRAC. – Nord-Ubangi • 2 ♀♀; Karawa; [3°19ʹ55ʺ N, 20°18ʹ03ʺ E]; 1937; Wallin leg.; MRAC. – North Kivu • 1 ♀; Okondo (Buhunde); [1°17ʹ08ʺ S, 27°48ʹ18ʺ E]; 19 Sep. 1929; A. Collart leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Oso River; [4°00ʹ N, 29°15ʹ E]; 18 Jan. 1915; J. Bequaert leg.; MRAC. – Province of Équateur • 1 ♀; Bamania; [0°01ʹ N, 18°19ʹ E]; 1934; R.Fr. Longinus leg.; MRAC • 5 ♀♀; Eala; [0°02ʹ30ʺ N, 18°20ʹ06ʺ E]; 1932; A. Corbisier leg.; MRAC • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but Mar. 1932; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Jun. 1932; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Jul. 1932; MRAC • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but Apr. 1933; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Mar. 1935; MRAC • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; Oct. 1929; H.J. Brédo leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but 5 Nov. 1931; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Apr. 1932; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but 4 Apr. 1932; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but May 1932; MRAC • 4 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; May 1935; J. Ghesquière leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Jan. 1936; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Apr. 1936; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Jul. 1936; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Aug. 1936; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Oct. 1936; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Nov. 1936; MRAC • 1 ♀; Eala, Boyeka; [0°02ʹ30ʺ N, 18°20ʹ06ʺ E]; 30 Nov. 1929; H.J. Brédo leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Equator station [Bolenge]; [0°00ʹ0.36ʺ N, 18°13ʹ0.12ʺ E]; A. van Gèle leg.; IRSN • 1 ♀; Flandria; [0°19ʹ14ʺ S, 19°05ʹ34ʺ E]; Jan.–Feb. 1948; R.P.G. Hulstaert leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Ikengé; [0°06ʹ S, 18°46ʹ E]; 1 Apr. 1914; R. Mayné leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Lukolela; [1°03ʹ37ʺ S, 17°10ʹ55ʺ E]; Nov. 1934; Ledoux leg.; MRAC • 2 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; Oct.–Dec. 1941; Breulheid leg.; MRAC. – Sankuru • 4 ♀♀; Apr. 1925; J. Ghesquière leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Komi; [3°34ʹ S, 23°16ʹ E]; 14 Mar. 1930; J. Ghesquière leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but 26 Mar. 1930; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Apr. 1930; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Apr.–May 1930; MRAC • 11 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but May 1930; MRAC • 7 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but Jul. 1930; MRAC • 1 ♀; Komi (Lodja); [3°23ʹ S, 23°46ʹ E]; 17 Feb. 1930; J. Ghesquière leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Mar. 1930; MRAC • 2 ♀♀; Kondue; [4°58ʹ S, 23°16ʹ E]; Leonhard leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Lomela; [2°16ʹ49ʺ S, 23°21ʹ57ʺ E]; 1955; Hanotier leg.; MRAC. – South Kivu • 1 ♀; Costermansville [now Bukavu]; [2°31ʹ S, 28°51ʹ E]; 1939; Hautmann leg.; MRAC • 7 ♀♀; Kavumu à Kabunga km82 (Mingazi); [2°01ʹ S, 28°31ʹ E]; 1951; H. Bomans leg.; MRAC. – Sud-Ubangi • 1 ♀; Binga; [2°22ʹ N, 20°29ʹ E]; Jan.–Mar. 1932; H.J. Brédo leg.; MRAC. – Tshopo • 1 ♀; Banguru / Bafwasende, Stanleyville; [0°25ʹ44ʺ N, 27°13ʹ54ʺ E]; 1952; Abbeloos leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Basoko, Yamabuki; [1°23ʹ N, 23°42ʹ E]; 16 Mar. 1948; P.L.G. Benoit leg.; MRAC • 2 ♀♀; Lukungu; [1°42ʹ S, 25°23ʹ E]; Ch. Haas leg.; IRSN • 2 ♀♀; Yangambi; [0°46ʹ N, 24°27ʹ E]; 1940; MRAC. – Tshuapa • 1 ♀; Bokuma; [0°06ʹ S, 18°41ʹ E]; 1951; R.P. Lootens leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but Dec. 1951; MRAC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but 1952; MRAC • 16 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but Jul. 1952; MRAC • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but 1953; MRAC • 1 ♀; Ikela; [1°11ʹ S, 23°16ʹ E]; Oct. 1959; N. Leleup leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Terr. Boende; Yanga; [0°18ʹ S, 20°03ʹ E]; 5 Nov. 1949; E. Pauquet leg.; MRAC. EQUATORIAL GUINEA – Centro Sur • 1 ♀; Monte Alén, Benito River; [1°31ʹ48ʺ N, 10°06ʹ36ʺ E]; 16–31 Dec. 1906; G. Tessmann leg.; ZMB • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but 1–14 Jan. 1907; ZMB • 2 ♀♀; Uelleburg; [1°49ʹ N, 10°36ʹ E]; Jun.–Aug. 1908; G. Tessmann leg.; ZMB. GABON – Estuaire Province • 1 ♀; Libreville and environs; [0°23ʹ24.36ʺ N, 9°27ʹ15.84ʺ E]; MNHN. – Ngounié Province • 2 ♀♀; “Chûtes de Samlia; Rivière NʹGami” [Ngounié River, chute de Samba]; [1°02ʹ59.9ʺ S, 10°42ʹ E]; A. Mocquerys leg.; IRSN. – Ogooué-Ivindo • 1 ♀; Ipassa Research Station; [0°30ʹ47ʺ N, 12°48ʹ10ʺ E]; 20 Apr.–16 May 1974; M. Donskoff and J. Le Breton leg.; MNHN. GHANA – Eastern Region • 2 ♀♀; Aburi; [5°50ʹ52ʺ N, 0°10ʹ28ʺ W]; 1912–1913; W.H. Patterson leg.; BMNH • 2 ♀♀; Kili District, Mt Atewa; [6°09ʹ48ʺ N, 0°36ʹ41ʺ W]; 15 Mar. 1969; O.W. Richards leg.; BMNH. – Western Region • 1 ♀; 7 miles N of Sefwi Asempanaye; 6°30ʹ N, 2°53ʹ W; 17 May. 1972; M.S. Hoogmoed leg.; RMNH • 1 ♀; Enchi; [5°49ʹ20ʺ N, 2°49ʹ20ʺ W]; 1923; B.D. Peake leg.; BMNH • 1 ♀; Tamso; [5°16ʹ46ʺ N, 2°00ʹ03ʺ W]; 1900; BMNH. NIGER • 1 ♀; 1897?; Crosse leg.; BMNH. NIGERIA • 1 ♂; 1919; BMNH. – Cross River State • 1 ♀; Ikom; [6°05ʹ N, 8°37ʹ E]; 4 Apr. 1975; J.T. Medler leg.; BMNH. – Lagos State • 1 ♀; Lagos; [6°27ʹ14ʺ N, 3°23ʹ40ʺ E]; Nov. 1944; K.M. Guichard leg.; BMNH. – Osun State • 1 ♀; Erin-Odo; [7°35ʹ N, 4°53ʹ E]; 9 Dec. 1973; J.T. Medler leg.; BMNH. REPUBLIC OF CÔTE D’IVOIRE – Indénié-Djuablin Region • 1 ♂; Abengourou; [6°44ʹ N, 3°29ʹ W]; Sep. 1965; Brunhes leg.; MNHN. – Montagnes District • 1 ♀; Man; [7°24ʹ45ʺ N, 7°33ʹ13ʺ W]; 7 Oct. 1961; J. Decelle leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Mt Nimba; [7°36ʹ09ʺ N, 8°28ʹ5.6ʺ W]; 24 Jun. 1958; P. Etuys leg.; RMNH. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 2 ♀♀; “ Les sanas = yirard ”; 27 Jan. 1977; J.-P. Grillot and C. Morin leg.; MNHN. – Brazzaville Department • 1 ♂; Djoumouna; [4°22ʹ34ʺ S, 15°09ʹ36ʺ E]; 11 Mar. 1975; C. Morin leg.; MNHN. – Kouilou Department • 2 ♂♂; Dimonika; [4°11ʹ55.8ʺ S, 12°21ʹ19.7ʺ E]; Jan. 1964; A. Descarpentries and A. Villiers leg.; MNHN • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 20 Jan. 1977; J.-P. Grillot and C. Morin leg.; MNHN • 4 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but 18 May 1977; MNHN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 7 Feb. 1978; C. Morin leg.; MNHN • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but 8 Feb. 1978; MNHN • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but 20 Feb. 1978; MNHN • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 23 Feb. 1978; J.-J. Menier leg.; MNHN • 3 ♀♀; Dimonika, Makaba; [4°07ʹ59ʺ S, 12°21ʹ E]; 11 Feb. 1978; Bitsindou leg.; MNHN • 1 ♀; Dimonika, Piste de Kolela; [4°11ʹ55.8ʺ S, 12°21ʹ19.7ʺ E]; 8 Feb. 1978; J.-J. Menier leg.; MNHN • 1 ♀; Dimonika, Piste de Makaba; [4°07ʹ59ʺ S, 12°21ʹ E]; 7 Feb. 1978; J.-J. Menier leg.; MNHN. – Lékoumou Department • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Mbouloupambou; [2°32ʹ26.16ʺ S, 13°32ʹ45.96ʺ E]; 20 Feb. 1980; C. Morin leg.; MNHN. – Sangha Department • 3 ♀♀; Ngongo; [1°02ʹ58ʺ N, 15°41ʹ16ʺ E]; 25 Feb. 1970; J.-P. Grillot leg.; MNHN. RWANDA – Western Province • 1 ♀; Kissenyi [Gisenyi]; [1°42ʹ S, 29°15ʹ E]; 1 May 1921; Van Saceghem leg.; MRAC. SIERRA LEONE – Eastern Province • 1 ♂; Tungea; 12 Sep. 1912; J.J. Simpson leg.; BMNH. – Southern Province • 1 ♀; Gbangbama; [8°14ʹ50ʺ N, 12°19ʹ47ʺ W]; 10 Oct. 1912; J.J. Simpson leg.; BMNH • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Mongheri; [8°19ʹ14ʺ N, 11°44ʹ03ʺ W]; 15 Sep. 1912; J.J. Simpson leg.; BMNH. TOGO • 1 ♀; “ Togo Hinterland ”; 12 Jun. 1889; E. Kling leg.; ZMB • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; ZMB. – Centrale Region • 1 ♀; Bismarckburg [near Yégué]; [8°10ʹ32.74ʺ N, 0°41ʹ09.42ʺ E]; 21–22 Apr. 1893; L. Conradt leg.; ZMB • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding but 28 May–12 Jun. 1893; ZMB • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but 30 Jun.–3 Jul. 1893; ZMB • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; ZMB. – Plateaux Region • 1 ♀; Misahöhe; [6°57ʹ N, 0°35ʹ E]; 16 Jun 1894; E. Baumann leg.; ZMB. Description Female SIZE. 26.6–31.7 mm. COLOR. Black except for the following, which are ferruginous: basal half of mandible, lower part of clypeus (in most specimens), scape ventrally, foreleg from femur onward except for dark brown stripe ventrally on femur, and mid- and hindlegs from femur onward. Wings fuscous, with greenish or purplegreenish iridescence. VESTITURE. Appressed setae on clypeus and paraocular area brassy, on collar, scutum and propodeal enclosure black. Erect setae on clypeus, paraocular area, collar, scutum and propodeal enclosure black. Erect propodeal setae oriented perpendicularly, slightly curved towards anterior. Lower center of clypeus glabrous. Scutellum densely and coarsely pubescent. STRUCTURE. Free clypeal margin medially with broad notched tooth, stepped above. Clypeus convex, without indentation or carina. Scutellum convex. Metanotum slightly raised, not bituberculate. 2 nd recurrent vein joins interstitium between submarginal cells II and III. Propodeal enclosure without any notable ridges. Foretarsomere I 2.9–3.3× length of antepenultimate spine. Petiole length 2.2–2.3× its medial width. Male SIZE. 27.4–28.3 mm. COLOR. Black except for basal half of mandible, which is ferruginous. The following can be ferruginous as well: apical half of forefemur, basal half of foretibia, apical half of mid- and hindfemur, mid- and hindtibia, and hindtarsomeres I–III. Wings fuscous, with greenish iridescence. VESTITURE. Appressed setae on clypeus and paraocular area silvery, on collar, scutum and propodeal enclosure black. Erect setae on clypeus, paraocular area, collar, scutum and propodeal enclosure black. Erect propodeal setae oriented perpendicularly, slightly curved towards anterior. Lower center of clypeus glabrous. Scutellum densely and coarsely pubescent. STRUCTURE. Free clypeal margin with concavely truncated broad tooth originating behind free margin. Scutellum convex. Metanotum slightly raised, not bituberculate. 2 nd recurrent vein joins markedly proximal from interstitium between submarginal cells II and III. Propodeal enclosure without any notable ridges. Posterior margin of metasomal tergum VII convex. Posterior margin of metasomal sternum VII simple, of metasomal sternum VIII triangular. Penis valvae without conspecific modifications. Petiole length 2.0–2.1× its medial width. Flagellomeres IV–VI with broad placoids covering their entire length, or flagellomeres V–VI with moderately broad placoids covering their entire length. Variation Males of S. caeruleanus seem to be highly variable regarding leg coloration and placoid pattern. The midleg can be ferruginous from the apical half of the femur onwards, with the hindfemur, hindtibia and first few tarsomeres also being ferruginous. Other specimens have only the inner side of the hindtibia dark ferruginous, or all legs black. Broad placoids can be present on flagellomeres IV–VI or V–VI, or narrow placoids on V–VI. Distribution Western to central Africa. Remarks Unfortunately, the holotype of S. caeruleanus could not be located and has probably been destroyed. The original description of this species is naturally quite vague, and it does not mention the conspicuous greenish iridescence which is present on the wings. However, Menke in Bohart & Menke (1976) synonymized S. caeruleanus with S. pulchripennis, and we do not feel that there is enough evidence to disprove his assumption. Regarding the identity of S. pulchripennis, we are confident that our interpretation of the species matches that of the original author. The description mentions the female clypeus being ferruginous at the apex and the wings shining green, the combination of which is unique among the African Sphex. Furthermore, the stated body length of 27 mm exceeds that of the other members of the group.Published as part of Dörfel, Thorleif H. & Ohl, Michael, 2022, The wasp genus Sphex in Sub-Saharan Africa (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), pp. 1-170 in European Journal of Taxonomy 796 (1) on pages 60-65, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.796.1665, http://zenodo.org/record/629944
Maternal and neonatal outcomes after caesarean delivery in the African Surgical Outcomes Study: a 7-day prospective observational cohort study
No full textSummary: Background: Maternal and neonatal mortality is high in Africa, but few large, prospective studies have been done to investigate the risk factors associated with these poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods: A 7-day, international, prospective, observational cohort study was done in patients having caesarean delivery in 183 hospitals across 22 countries in Africa. The inclusion criteria were all consecutive patients (aged ≥18 years) admitted to participating centres having elective and non-elective caesarean delivery during the 7-day study cohort period. To ensure a representative sample, each hospital had to provide data for 90% of the eligible patients during the recruitment week. The primary outcome was in-hospital maternal mortality and complications, which were assessed by local investigators. The study was registered on the South African National Health Research Database, number KZ_2015RP7_22, and on ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03044899. Findings: Between February, 2016, and May, 2016, 3792 patients were recruited from hospitals across Africa. 3685 were included in the postoperative complications analysis (107 missing data) and 3684 were included in the maternal mortality analysis (108 missing data). These hospitals had a combined number of specialist surgeons, obstetricians, and anaesthetists totalling 0·7 per 100 000 population (IQR 0·2–2·0). Maternal mortality was 20 (0·5%) of 3684 patients (95% CI 0·3–0·8). Complications occurred in 633 (17·4%) of 3636 mothers (16·2–18·6), which were predominantly severe intraoperative and postoperative bleeding (136 [3·8%] of 3612 mothers). Maternal mortality was independently associated with a preoperative presentation of placenta praevia, placental abruption, ruptured uterus, antepartum haemorrhage (odds ratio 4·47 [95% CI 1·46–13·65]), and perioperative severe obstetric haemorrhage (5·87 [1·99–17·34]) or anaesthesia complications (11·47 (1·20–109·20]). Neonatal mortality was 153 (4·4%) of 3506 infants (95% CI 3·7–5·0). Interpretation: Maternal mortality after caesarean delivery in Africa is 50 times higher than that of high-income countries and is driven by peripartum haemorrhage and anaesthesia complications. Neonatal mortality is double the global average. Early identification and appropriate management of mothers at risk of peripartum haemorrhage might improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in Africa. Funding: Medical Research Council of South Africa
